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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Head-mounted display}}
{{see also|Terms|Technical Terms}}
{{Good article}}
A [[head-mounted display]] ('''HMD''') is a [[display]] [[device]], worn on the head or as part of a [[helmet]] (see [[Helmet-mounted display]]), that has a small display optic in front of one ([[monocular]] HMD) or each eye ([[binocular]] HMD). HMDs serve various purposes, including gaming, aviation, engineering, medicine, and are the primary delivery systems for [[Virtual Reality]] (VR), [[Augmented Reality]] (AR), and [[Mixed Reality]] (MR) experiences, particularly when supporting a seamless blend of physical and digital elements.<ref name="Sutherland1968">Sutherland, Ivan E. (1968-12-09). "A head-mounted three dimensional display". ACM Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-10-27. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1476589.1476686 Link]</ref><ref name="idc2025">IDC (25 March 2025). "Growth Expected to Pause for AR/VR Headsets, according to IDC". Retrieved 2025-05-15. [https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS53278025 Link]</ref>
{{short description|Near-eye wearable display for virtual, augmented and mixed reality}}
 
A '''head-mounted display''' ('''HMD''') is a [[display]] [[device]], worn on the head or as part of a [[helmet]] (see [[Helmet-mounted display]]), that has a small display optic in front of one ([[monocular]] HMD) or each eye ([[binocular]] HMD). HMDs serve various purposes, including gaming, aviation, engineering, medicine, and are the primary delivery systems for [[Virtual Reality]] (VR), [[Augmented Reality]] (AR), and [[Mixed Reality]] (MR) experiences, particularly when supporting a seamless blend of physical and digital elements.<ref name="Sutherland1968">Sutherland, Ivan E. (1968-12-09). "A head-mounted three dimensional display". ACM Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-10-27. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1476589.1476686 Link]</ref><ref name="idc2025">IDC (25 March 2025). "Growth Expected to Pause for AR/VR Headsets, according to IDC". Retrieved 2025-05-15. [https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS53278025 Link]</ref>


HMDs function by presenting imagery, data, or a combination thereof directly to the wearer's visual field. Many modern HMDs are [[stereoscopic]], featuring separate displays or distinct images rendered for each eye to create a sense of depth through [[binocular disparity]]. Examples include VR headsets like the [[Meta Quest 3]] and [[Valve Index]]. Other HMDs, particularly earlier AR devices or specialized notification displays like the original [[Google Glass]], may be monocular, presenting information over only one eye.<ref name="GoogleGlassPatent">Heinrich, Jerome (assignee: Google Inc.) (2014-07-29). "Wearable display device". Google Patents. Retrieved 2023-10-27. [https://patents.google.com/patent/US8791879B1/en Link]</ref>
HMDs function by presenting imagery, data, or a combination thereof directly to the wearer's visual field. Many modern HMDs are [[stereoscopic]], featuring separate displays or distinct images rendered for each eye to create a sense of depth through [[binocular disparity]]. Examples include VR headsets like the [[Meta Quest 3]] and [[Valve Index]]. Other HMDs, particularly earlier AR devices or specialized notification displays like the original [[Google Glass]], may be monocular, presenting information over only one eye.<ref name="GoogleGlassPatent">Heinrich, Jerome (assignee: Google Inc.) (2014-07-29). "Wearable display device". Google Patents. Retrieved 2023-10-27. [https://patents.google.com/patent/US8791879B1/en Link]</ref>
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*  2016 – The consumer [[Oculus Rift]] (CV1) and [[HTC Vive]] established high-end, PC-tethered VR with wide FOV and robust external tracking systems.<ref name="rift2016">Wikipedia (15 Apr 2025). "Oculus Rift". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_Rift Link]</ref><ref name="lighthouse">Valve Software (12 Feb 2025). "Valve Index Base Stations". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://www.valvesoftware.com/index/base-stations Link]</ref> [[PlayStation VR]] brought tethered VR to the console market.
*  2016 – The consumer [[Oculus Rift]] (CV1) and [[HTC Vive]] established high-end, PC-tethered VR with wide FOV and robust external tracking systems.<ref name="rift2016">Wikipedia (15 Apr 2025). "Oculus Rift". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculus_Rift Link]</ref><ref name="lighthouse">Valve Software (12 Feb 2025). "Valve Index Base Stations". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://www.valvesoftware.com/index/base-stations Link]</ref> [[PlayStation VR]] brought tethered VR to the console market.
*  2019 – [[Oculus Quest]] pioneered high-quality standalone (untethered) 6DoF VR using inside-out camera tracking (Oculus Insight).<ref name="insight2019">Meta Reality Labs (14 Aug 2019). "The Story Behind Oculus Insight Technology". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://tech.facebook.com/reality-labs/2019/8/the-story-behind-oculus-insight-technology/ Link]</ref> [[Valve Index]] pushed fidelity in the PC VR space.
*  2019 – [[Oculus Quest]] pioneered high-quality standalone (untethered) 6DoF VR using inside-out camera tracking (Oculus Insight).<ref name="insight2019">Meta Reality Labs (14 Aug 2019). "The Story Behind Oculus Insight Technology". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://tech.facebook.com/reality-labs/2019/8/the-story-behind-oculus-insight-technology/ Link]</ref> [[Valve Index]] pushed fidelity in the PC VR space.
*   2023 – [[Meta Quest 3]] debuted [[Pancake lens|pancake lenses]], high-resolution color passthrough MR, and improved processing.<ref name="quest3">Wikipedia (18 Apr 2025). "Meta Quest 3". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3 Link]</ref> [[PlayStation VR2]] integrated eye tracking into the console VR experience.
*2023 – [[Meta Quest 3]] adopted the [[Pancake lens|pancake-style optics]] first introduced on the premium [[Meta Quest Pro]] (launched October 2022), and added high-resolution full-colour passthrough mixed reality plus a faster mobile chipset.<ref name="QuestProPancake">{{cite web |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2022/10/meta-quest-pro-social-vr-connect-2022/ |title=Meta Connect 2022: Meta Quest Pro, More Social VR and a Look Into the Future |website=Meta Newsroom |date=11 October 2022 |access-date=2025-04-29}}</ref><ref name="Quest3Features">{{cite web |url=https://www.roadtovr.com/quest-3-features-hands-on-preview/ |title=Quest 3 Features Confirmed in First Hands-on |website=Road to VR |date=12 June 2023 |access-date=2025-04-29}}</ref><ref name="Quest3Review">{{cite web |url=https://www.uploadvr.com/quest-3-review/ |title=Quest 3 Review: Excellent VR With Limited Mixed Reality |website=UploadVR |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
*   2024 – [[Apple Vision Pro]] launched as a premium "spatial computer" featuring high-resolution Micro-OLED displays, advanced eye and hand tracking, and spatial video capabilities.<ref name="visionpro">Apple Newsroom (08 Jan 2024). "Apple Vision Pro available in the U.S. on February 2". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/01/apple-vision-pro-available-in-the-us-on-february-2/ Link]</ref>
*2024 – [[Apple Vision Pro]] launched as a premium "spatial computer" featuring high-resolution Micro-OLED displays, advanced eye and hand tracking, and spatial video capabilities.<ref name="visionpro">Apple Newsroom (08 Jan 2024). "Apple Vision Pro available in the U.S. on February 2". Retrieved 2024-05-15. [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/01/apple-vision-pro-available-in-the-us-on-february-2/ Link]</ref>


==Core Concepts and Principles==
==Core Concepts and Principles==
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