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Spatial video

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Spatial video is a stereoscopic video format introduced by Apple for its Apple Vision Pro headset. At the file level, a spatial video is a stereo video encoded with the Multiview HEVC (MV-HEVC) extension of the H.265 codec, carrying a left-eye and a right-eye view in one file, plus a small set of metadata about the camera system that recorded it.[1] That metadata lets visionOS show the clip in a floating window with softened edges, or expand it to life size, in ways that Apple says reduce the usual causes of stereo discomfort.[2] On any device without a stereoscopic display, a spatial video plays as an ordinary 2D video.[3]

Apple announced the format with Vision Pro on 5 June 2023, describing the headset as its first three-dimensional camera.[4] Consumer capture arrived first on the iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max with iOS 17.2 on 11 December 2023, before the headset itself went on sale in the United States on 2 February 2024.[3][5] Since then, playback of Apple's spatial video files has spread beyond Apple hardware: Meta added it to Meta Quest 3, Meta Quest 2 and Meta Quest Pro in February 2024, the PICO 4 Ultra both records and plays the format, and Canon sells a dual lens built for it.[6][7][8] Samsung and Google offer a parallel pipeline for Android XR, with "3D Capture" on Galaxy phones and 2D-to-3D conversion in Google Photos on the Samsung Galaxy XR.[9][10]

Spatial video is a flat, rectilinear, roughly window-sized picture with depth. It is distinct from 180 and 360-degree video, which wrap around the viewer, from Apple's separate Apple Immersive Video format, and from volumetric video, which captures geometry that can be viewed from any angle.[2][5]

Reviewed 20 September 2026. Format definitions and metadata against Apple developer specifications and WWDC transcripts; capture and playback specifications, release dates and prices against Apple, Meta, Canon, PICO, Samsung and Google pages; academic citations against the papers. About review dates.

Definition

Apple defines the format in file terms. In a 2024 developer session an Apple engineer said: "At a file format level, a spatial video is a stereo MV-HEVC video with extra spatial metadata. And a spatial photo is a stereo HEIC, with two images in a stereo group, along with some spatial metadata."[1] A 2025 session gave the functional version of the same definition: "Spatial video is stereo video with additional metadata, that enables windowed and immersive treatments on Vision Pro to mitigate common causes of stereo discomfort."[2]

The distinction from plain "3D video" matters on Apple's platforms. visionOS treats a stereo MV-HEVC file without the spatial metadata as a 3D video meant for a large virtual screen, and only files that carry the camera metadata get the spatial presentation.[2] Apple's file format specification states that although the camera baseline box is optional in the overall box structure, "its presence is required for the containing movie file to be considered 'spatial media' by visionOS 2."[11]

How it works

Encoding: MV-HEVC

Multiview HEVC is Annex G of the H.265 / ISO/IEC 23008-2 standard, developed by the JCT-3V joint team of ITU-T VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG and integrated into the second edition of HEVC.[12][13] It codes several camera views as layers of one bitstream. Block-level syntax and decoding are unchanged from single-layer HEVC, so existing decoders can be reused, and bit-rate savings over sending two independent streams come from letting one view use the other as a reference for motion-compensated prediction.[13]

Apple's implementation stores a base HEVC layer that any 2D decoder can play, and a second layer holding only the difference between the two eyes. In Apple's description from the 2023 session that introduced the format: "Encoding determines a difference, or delta, between the left and right images. This technique, known as 2D Plus Delta, means that 2D decoders can find and use the base 2D view, for example the left eye. But 3D decoders can calculate the other view to present both views to the corresponding eyes."[14] Apple published an interoperability profile for these files in June 2023, and the container signals stereo content through a "video extended usage" (vexu) box that tells a player which eye views are present, and optionally which eye is the "hero" or default view, without parsing the codec configuration.[12][11] For streaming, Apple added a REQ-VIDEO-LAYOUT tag to HTTP Live Streaming, which required raising the HLS specification version to 12.[14]

On an iPhone, the two views are not equal. According to Apple's Final Cut Pro documentation, the Wide camera supplies the primary view in the first layer, while the Ultra Wide camera's image is cropped and scaled to match, and only the difference between the two is recorded in the second layer at a lower bit rate; the Wide view is the hero eye. On Vision Pro, both images are recorded at equal quality.[15]

Spatial metadata

The metadata that turns a stereo file into a spatial one describes the camera rig rather than the scene. Apple's 2024 session lists four items: the projection, which for spatial photos and videos is always rectilinear; the baseline, "sometimes called the inter-axial distance", the horizontal distance between the centers of the two cameras; the horizontal field of view captured by each camera, in degrees; and a disparity adjustment, "a hint to the renderer, on where to place the zero parallax plane", stored as a horizontal offset expressed as a percentage of image width.[1] The file format specification stores the baseline in micrometers (63,123 micrometers for 63.123 mm) and defines the disparity adjustment box so that its absence, or a zero value, means no change in stereo disparity.[11]

Apple recommends a baseline near 64 mm, close to the typical human interpupillary distance, for the most natural result, with smaller baselines for close-up scenes and larger ones to bring out depth in distant objects. It advises against fields of view above 90 degrees because angular sampling becomes inefficient toward the edges, and it requires stereo-rectified images with no vertical disparity.[1] On the iPhone 15 Pro, Apple moved the Wide and Ultra Wide cameras side by side instead of diagonally so that, in landscape orientation, the two sit on the same horizontal baseline "oriented just like human eyes are".[1] The capture API also exposes "discomfort reasons" such as a subject being too close or too little light, so apps can warn the user during recording.[1]

Presentation on Vision Pro

By default visionOS plays a spatial video in a window with a faint glow around its edges, scaling the scene down while still rendering it stereoscopically; Apple says the aim is "not to be perfectly true-to-life, but rather to provide an artistically and emotionally resonant 3D effect".[1] The clip can also expand into an immersive presentation in which the content is scaled to the real size of the objects and the frame edge disappears.[2] Apple's 2023 session also described a "parallax contour" metadata track, a per-frame grid (10 by 10 tiles recommended) recording the depth of the picture so that captions can be placed in front of the video without depth conflicts.[14]

Comparison with other stereoscopic formats

Format Projection and field of view Typical source Presentation on Vision Pro
Spatial video Rectilinear; Apple recommends under 90 degrees horizontal[1] iPhone 15 Pro and later, Vision Pro, Canon EOS R7 or R50 with a DUAL lens[2] Window with softened edges, or immersive at real scale[2]
3D (stereo) video Rectilinear, no camera metadata Professional stereo productions Large virtual screen; falls back to 2D when embedded inline[2]
180-degree video (Apple Projected Media Profile) Half-equirectangular, typically stereo Canon EOS VR System dual fisheye lenses, converted with EOS VR Utility Half sphere in front of the viewer[2]
360-degree video (Apple Projected Media Profile) Equirectangular, mono or stereo GoPro MAX, Insta360 X5 Full sphere around the viewer[2]
Wide-FOV video (Apple Projected Media Profile) Parametric lens projection, roughly 120-180 degrees Action cameras such as GoPro HERO13 and Insta360 Ace Pro 2 Curved surface in 3D space[2]
Apple Immersive Video Calibrated parametric projection, up to 210 degrees horizontal; 8160 x 7200 pixels per eye at 90 fps Blackmagic URSA Cine Immersive Immersive only[2]

Apple Immersive Video is a separate professional format that Apple describes as "180-degree, three-dimensional 8K recordings captured with Spatial Audio".[5] visionOS 26 opened it to third-party developers through an ImmersiveMediaSupport framework and added native support for 180-degree, 360-degree and wide field-of-view files from Insta360, GoPro and Canon under the Apple Projected Media Profile (APMP).[2][16]

History

Apple introduced Vision Pro on 5 June 2023 and said the headset's camera would let users "capture, relive, and immerse themselves in favorite memories".[4] The same month it published the MV-HEVC interoperability profile and the developer session describing the format's delivery over HLS.[12][14] When the iPhone 15 Pro was announced on 12 September 2023, Apple said the phone would "add a new dimension to video capture with the ability to record spatial video for Apple Vision Pro" later that year.[17]

The feature shipped in iOS 17.2 on 11 December 2023. Recording uses the Main and Ultra Wide cameras together, requires landscape orientation, produces 1080p video at 30 frames per second in standard dynamic range, and consumes roughly 130 MB per minute. Clips are stored in a Spatial album in Photos and sync through iCloud; on iPhone and other devices they appear as normal 2D videos.[3] Vision Pro pre-orders opened on 19 January 2024, and the headset went on sale in the U.S. on 2 February 2024 at US$3,499 for the 256 GB model.[5]

Meta responded before the headset shipped. Its v62 software post of 1 February 2024 said iPhone 15 Pro owners could upload spatial videos through the Meta Quest mobile app, after which "the content will be converted for playback on Meta Quest hardware and stored in the cloud".[18] Road to VR reported the update covered Quest 2, Quest 3 and Quest Pro.[6]

Canon announced on 11 June 2024 that it was developing the RF-S7.8mm F4 STM DUAL lens for the EOS R7, calling itself the first camera maker with a dedicated interchangeable lens for Vision Pro spatial video; the lens went on sale in November 2024 at an estimated U.S. retail price of US$449.99.[8][19][20] PICO announced the PICO 4 Ultra on 20 August 2024, with Chinese pre-orders at 4,300 RMB and shipping from 2 September.[21] On 9 September 2024 Apple extended capture to the whole iPhone 16 line, adding spatial photos and Spatial Audio recording.[22][23] Vimeo released a visionOS app for viewing, uploading and sharing spatial videos on 23 October 2024, and Final Cut Pro 11 added spatial video editing on 13 November 2024.[24][25]

In 2025 the format reached the Android side. visionOS 2.4 (31 March 2025) added Apple's curated Spatial Gallery app of spatial photos, videos and panoramas.[26] visionOS 26, announced 9 June 2025, extended spatial video playback to all of Apple's media frameworks (AVKit, RealityKit, Safari and WebKit) and to HLS.[2] In June 2025 Canon announced spatial photo output for the 7.8 mm lens and APMP output for its two dual fisheye lenses, through EOS VR Utility updates due in the second half of 2025.[27] The iPhone 17 line, announced 9 September 2025, kept spatial capture at 1080p and 30 fps; the single-camera iPhone Air and iPhone 16e cannot record spatial media.[28] Samsung's Camera Assistant app gained a "3D Capture" option in September 2025 to "create spatial photos and videos for Galaxy XR headsets", and the Galaxy XR itself went on sale in the U.S. on 21 October 2025 at US$1,799.99.[9][29]

Capture devices

Device Capture availability Recording specification (as stated by the maker) Notes
iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max iOS 17.2, 11 December 2023[3] 1920 x 1080 at 30 fps, SDR; about 130 MB per minute[15][3] Main plus Ultra Wide cameras, landscape only[3]
iPhone 16, 16 Plus, 16 Pro, 16 Pro Max September 2024[22] Same 1080p 30 fps spatial video; adds spatial photos and Spatial Audio capture[22][28] Spatial video capture extended to the whole iPhone 16 line[23]
iPhone 17, 17 Pro, 17 Pro Max September 2025[28] 1080p at 30 fps[28] iPhone Air and iPhone 16e have no spatial capture[28]
Apple Vision Pro 2 February 2024 (U.S.)[5] 2200 x 2200 per eye at 30 fps, SDR; both eyes at equal quality[15] Top button opens Capture; the M5 model's specification lists a stereoscopic 3D main camera, 18 mm f/2.00, 6.5 stereo megapixels[30][31]
Canon RF-S7.8mm F4 STM DUAL on EOS R7 November 2024, US$449.99 (Canon U.S.A. estimated retail price)[19] Two lenses imaged on one CMOS sensor, so no synchronization step; Canon U.S.A. lists a 60 degree angle of view, and DPReview reports an 11.6 mm interaxial distance[8][19][20] Footage is converted to spatial video with Canon's EOS VR Utility; spatial photo output and EOS R50 / R50 V compatibility were announced in June 2025[8][27]
PICO 4 Ultra September 2024 (China)[21] Up to 2048 x 1536 at 60 fps and 50 Mbps[7] Dual 32 MP cameras; also plays iPhone and Vision Pro spatial files[7]
Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra, S24 Ultra and Z Fold7 September 2025, via Camera Assistant "3D Capture"[9] UploadVR reports 4K at 30 fps on the Galaxy S25 Ultra[32] Intended for viewing on Galaxy XR[9][32]
Samsung Galaxy XR 21 October 2025 (U.S.)[29] "Supports 3D Photo & video capture" with an 18 mm f/2.0 camera[29] Android XR headset

Playback platforms

Apple. Vision Pro shows spatial content in a Spatial tab of the Photos app, and spatial photos and videos "look 3D on Apple Vision Pro, and appear 2D on other devices".[30] Third-party apps gained the same treatment in visionOS 26, along with QuickLook previews and HLS streaming of spatial video.[2]

Meta Quest. Spatial videos are uploaded from an iPhone through the Meta Horizon mobile app (Gallery, then Upload, then Spatial) and appear in the headset's Gallery app under "Spatial videos". Meta's help page limits a spatial video to 20 minutes.[33] Road to VR noted the feature uses the MV-HEVC codec and stores content on Meta's servers.[6]

PICO. PICO states that the PICO 4 Ultra plays spatial videos and photos shot on iPhone and Vision Pro because it supports hardware MV-HEVC decoding; files are transferred through the PICO mobile app.[7]

Android XR. Google Photos on Android XR devices plays "native 3D videos and photos" and VR180 video, and can "spatialize" 2D photos and videos into 3D, with a limit of 5 videos at a time and 100 videos a month; sharing or backing up spatialized content was not yet supported.[10] Samsung's Gallery app on Galaxy XR can switch a file between 2D, 180-degree, 360-degree, 3D side-by-side, 3D top-bottom, 180-degree 3D and 360-degree 3D views.[34]

Editing and distribution

Final Cut Pro 11 imports spatial clips captured on Vision Pro, iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Pro, or with the Canon dual lens on an EOS R7; editors can apply effects, color corrections and titles, adjust the depth position of titles and footage, and export to the Photos library or to the visionOS Vimeo app.[25] Apple also lists Compressor and DaVinci Resolve Studio as supporting the format.[2] Canon's EOS VR Utility, which requires a subscription, converts dual-lens footage to spatial video, 3D 180-degree VR or a "3D Theater" output.[20]

Vimeo's app lets anyone "shoot in spatial format and upload it to Vimeo" from a compatible iPhone (Vimeo names the iPhone 15 and iPhone 16 series) and view the result on Vision Pro.[24] Apple's own Spatial Gallery app, installed with visionOS 2.4, carries spatial photos, videos and panoramas curated by Apple, with new content released regularly.[26]

Research

Academic work on spatial video has concentrated on quality assessment and streaming since Vision Pro shipped. Zhu and colleagues built the Egocentric Spatial Video Quality Assessment Database of 600 spatial videos captured with Vision Pro, each with a mean opinion score, and proposed a model, ESVQAnet, that fuses binocular spatial, motion and semantic features; they report it outperformed 16 existing video quality models on the task.[35]

Gholami and colleagues evaluated spatial videos encoded with an x265 software implementation of MV-HEVC on Vision Pro against their 2D versions in a subjective test, using the SV-QoE dataset rendered from a twin-camera setup with a 65 mm baseline at 3840 x 2160 and 60 fps.[36]

A 2025 HotMobile position paper by Chen and colleagues treats spatial, stereo and stereoscopic video as interchangeable terms and lays out a research agenda for streaming it. The authors measured Apple TV streaming on Vision Pro and found spatial video bandwidth "could reach as high as a few hundred Mbps (post-compression)", and they note that MV-HEVC and H.264 MVC encoders are computationally expensive, so most existing stereo streaming still encodes each view independently.[37]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Build compelling spatial photo and video experiences - WWDC24". Apple Developer. Apple. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2024/10166/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 "Explore video experiences for visionOS - WWDC25". Apple Developer. Apple. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2025/304/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Apple introduces spatial video capture on iPhone 15 Pro". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2023-12-11. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/12/apple-introduces-spatial-video-capture-on-iphone-15-pro/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Introducing Apple Vision Pro: Apple's first spatial computer". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2023-06-05. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/introducing-apple-vision-pro/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Apple Vision Pro available in the U.S. on February 2". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2024-01-08. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/01/apple-vision-pro-available-in-the-us-on-february-2/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Scott Hayden (2024-02-01). "Quest Now Natively Supports Spatial Video Originally Meant for Vision Pro". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/quest-spatial-video-support-vision-pro/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "PICO 4 Ultra". PICO. https://www.picoxr.com/global/products/pico4-ultra. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Canon developing new RF-S7.8mm F4 STM DUAL lens for EOS R7 camera for recording spatial video for Apple Vision Pro". Canon Global. Canon Inc.. 2024-06-11. https://global.canon/en/news/2024/20240611.html. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Ben Schoon (2025-09-11). "Samsung will let Galaxy phones take spatial photos and videos for Android XR headset". 9to5Google. https://9to5google.com/2025/09/11/samsung-galaxy-3d-capture-spatial-photos-android-xr-headset/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Use Google Photos on your Android XR device". Android XR Help. Google. https://support.google.com/android-xr/answer/16667814?hl=en. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "QuickTime and ISO Base Media File Formats and Spatial and Immersive Media, Version 1.9.8 (Beta)". Apple Developer. Apple. 2025-06-09. https://developer.apple.com/av-foundation/Stereo-Video-ISOBMFF-Extensions.pdf. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Apple HEVC Stereo Video Interoperability Profile (Beta), Version 0.9". Apple Developer. Apple. 2023-06-21. https://developer.apple.com/av-foundation/HEVC-Stereo-Video-Profile.pdf. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tech, Gerhard; Chen, Ying; Müller, Karsten; Ohm, Jens-Rainer; Vetro, Anthony; Wang, Ye-Kui (2016). "Overview of the Multiview and 3D Extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 26, no. 1. pp. 35-49. doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2015.2477935. https://www.merl.com/publications/docs/TR2015-125.pdf.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Deliver video content for spatial experiences - WWDC23". Apple Developer. Apple. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2023/10071/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Record spatial video on Apple Vision Pro or iPhone". Apple Support. Apple. https://support.apple.com/guide/final-cut-pro/record-spatial-video-vere1b07dc3b/mac. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  16. ↑ "visionOS 26 introduces powerful new spatial experiences for Apple Vision Pro". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2025-06-09. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/06/visionos-26-introduces-powerful-new-spatial-experiences-for-apple-vision-pro/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  17. ↑ "Apple unveils iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2023-09-12. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-unveils-iphone-15-pro-and-iphone-15-pro-max/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  18. ↑ "Meta Quest v62 Update: Spatial Video Playback, Gamepad Support for Meta Quest Browser, and More". Meta Quest Blog. Meta Platforms. 2024-02-01. https://www.meta.com/blog/v62-software-update-spatial-video-playback-gamepad-support-browswer/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Canon introduces the RF-S7.8mm F4 STM DUAL lens: expanding capabilities for VR and 3D content creators". GlobeNewswire. Canon U.S.A., Inc.. 2024-10-30. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/10/30/2971371/0/en/CANON-INTRODUCES-THE-RF-S7-8MM-F4-STM-DUAL-LENS-EXPANDING-CAPABILITIES-FOR-VR-AND-3D-CONTENT-CREATORS.html. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Dale Baskin (2024-10-30). "Canon introduces the RF-S 7.8mm F4 Dual lens for VR and spatial content creators". DPReview. https://www.dpreview.com/news/2568317024/canon-introduces-the-rf-s-7-8mm-f4-dual-lens. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Scott Hayden (2024-08-20). "Pico Reveals 'Pico 4 Ultra' Headset, Launching in China Next Month". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/pico-ultra-4-vr-mr-headset-china-release/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Apple introduces iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2024-09-09. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/09/apple-introduces-iphone-16-and-iphone-16-plus/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Scott Hayden (2024-09-11). "iPhone 16 Adds Spatial Photos and Spatial Audio Capture for Vision Pro". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/iphone-16-spatial-photos-audio-video-vision-pro/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Introducing Vimeo for Apple Vision Pro". Vimeo Blog. Vimeo. 2024-10-23. https://vimeo.com/blog/post/vimeo-apple-vision-pro. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Final Cut Pro 11 begins a new chapter for video editing on Mac". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2024-11-13. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/11/final-cut-pro-11-begins-a-new-chapter-for-video-editing-on-mac/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Apple Intelligence comes to Apple Vision Pro today with visionOS 2.4". Apple Newsroom. Apple. 2025-03-31. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/03/apple-intelligence-comes-to-apple-vision-pro-today-with-visionos-2-4/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Canon makes its EOS VR SYSTEM compatible with "Apple Projected Media Profile" and "spatial photo" in an aim to expand the 3D VR market and strengthens collaboration with Apple". Canon Global. Canon Inc.. 2025-06-10. https://global.canon/en/news/2025/20250610.html. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 David Heaney (2025-09-09). "iPhone 17 Pro Is Still Limited To 1080p 30FPS Spatial Video Recording". UploadVR. https://www.uploadvr.com/iphone-17-pro-still-limited-to-1080p-30fps-spatial-video-recording/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Introducing Galaxy XR: Opening New Worlds". Samsung Mobile Press. Samsung Electronics. 2025-10-22. https://www.samsungmobilepress.com/articles/galaxy-xr-opening-new-worlds. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Capture, view, and share spatial photos and videos on Apple Vision Pro". Apple Support. Apple. https://support.apple.com/guide/apple-vision-pro/capture-dev7068c3c93/visionos. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  31. ↑ "Apple Vision Pro (M5) - Tech Specs". Apple Support. Apple. https://support.apple.com/en-us/125436. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 David Heaney (2025-09-13). "Samsung Phones Now Capture 3D Videos For 'Galaxy XR Headsets'". UploadVR. https://www.uploadvr.com/samsung-phones-capture-3d-videos-to-view-on-galaxy-xr-headsets/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  33. ↑ "Spatial video on Meta Quest". Meta Quest Help. Meta Platforms. https://www.meta.com/help/quest/372981992147360/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  34. ↑ "Samsung Galaxy XR: Spatialized experience". Samsung Support. Samsung Electronics. https://www.samsung.com/us/support/answer/ANS10007528/. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  35. ↑ Xilei Zhu; Huiyu Duan; Liu Yang; Yucheng Zhu; Xiongkuo Min; Guangtao Zhai; Patrick Le Callet (2024-12-29). "ESVQA: Perceptual Quality Assessment of Egocentric Spatial Videos". arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.20423. Retrieved 2026-09-20.
  36. ↑ Gholami, Afshin; Baldoni, Sara; Battisti, Federica; Zhou, Wei; Timmerer, Christian; Amirpour, Hadi (2025). "Perceptual Quality Assessment of Spatial Videos on Apple Vision Pro". Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Interactive eXtended Reality (IXR '25). ACM. doi:10.1145/3746269.3760422. https://cd-athena.github.io/SV-QoE.
  37. ↑ Chen, Guodong; Wang, Sizhe; Chakareski, Jacob; Koutsonikolas, Dimitrios; Dasari, Mallesham (2025). "Spatial Video Streaming on Apple Vision Pro XR Headset". HotMobile '25: The 26th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. ACM. doi:10.1145/3708468.3711878. https://ece.northeastern.edu/fac-ece/dkoutsonikolas/publications/hotmobile25.pdf.
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