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Health effects of virtual reality

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The health effects of virtual reality are the documented physical and psychological effects of using virtual reality (VR) systems, chiefly head-mounted displays (headsets). The best-studied effect is simulator sickness (also called cybersickness or VR sickness). Research and manufacturer safety documents also cover eye strain and other visual effects, photosensitive seizures, injuries from collisions and falls in the play area, neck and shoulder load from headset weight and arm movement, skin reactions and hygiene of shared headsets, and short-lived feelings of unreality after use. VR is also used as a treatment, for example in exposure therapy for anxiety disorders.[1][2]

Many of the studies described below were laboratory experiments with small samples and sessions of an hour or less, and several of their authors note that long-term effects of regular use were not measured. A 2023 systematic review of VR and augmented reality (AR) interventions in psychiatry found that adverse effects were often not reported at all: 45 of the 73 included studies made no mention of them.[3] Headset makers publish health and safety warnings and minimum ages, which differ between companies.[2][4]

Reviewed 21 October 2026. All 24 cited papers checked against Crossref metadata and their abstracts or full texts, plus the Meta, Sony and Apple safety pages, Meta's 2023 age announcement, Road to VR and the CPSC Quest 2 recall notice. About review dates.

Simulator sickness

Main article: Simulator sickness

Simulator sickness is a form of visually induced motion sickness. Its symptoms include nausea, disorientation, dizziness, headache and eye discomfort. In a 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Dimitrios Saredakis and colleagues pooled 55 articles with 3,016 participants who used headsets and completed the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). The pooled total SSQ mean was 28.00, which the authors described as relatively high compared with recommended cut-off scores. Gaming content produced the highest mean (34.26). Among locomotion methods, controller-based movement produced the highest scores (32.55) and physical walking the lowest (16.99). Exposures of 10 minutes or longer scored higher than shorter ones (33.42 versus 23.47), although the group of exposures of 20 minutes or longer had a lower mean (27.35). Older samples (mean age 35 or above) scored lower than younger ones, although only four studies included older participants. The review found no sex differences, and across 46 experiments a mean of 15.6% of participants dropped out because of sickness. Heterogeneity between studies was high.[1]

Hardware matters as well. In a 2019 review and meta-analysis of 44 neuroscience and neuropsychology studies, Panagiotis Kourtesis and colleagues found that newer-generation headsets induced significantly less adverse symptomatology (which they called "VR induced adverse symptoms and effects", or VRISE) than older ones, and that commercial new-generation headsets with ergonomic interaction methods had no recorded incidents of these symptoms or related dropouts.[5]

Manufacturer warnings tell users to stop if symptoms appear. Meta's warnings for the Meta Quest 3S advise users with ongoing symptoms to avoid activities that need unimpaired balance and hand-eye coordination until they have fully recovered.[2]

Eyes and vision

Visual fatigue and the vergence-accommodation conflict

Headset users can report eye strain, blurred or double vision and related symptoms, grouped under visual fatigue. One proposed cause is the vergence-accommodation conflict: a stereoscopic display presents images on a surface at a fixed focal distance, so the eyes must focus (accommodate) at that distance while converging on virtual objects that appear nearer or farther. In a 2008 study in the Journal of Vision, David M. Hoffman, Ahna R. Girshick, Kurt Akeley and Martin S. Banks built a display that could present correct or nearly correct focus cues. They found that with correct focus cues, viewers identified stereoscopic stimuli faster, had better stereoacuity in a time-limited task, perceived depth with less distortion, and reported less fatigue and discomfort.[6] Meta's warnings list eye strain, eye or muscle twitching and "altered, blurred, or double vision or other visual abnormalities" among the symptoms that should lead users to stop.[2]

Short-term studies of binocular vision

Controlled studies of short sessions have mostly found no lasting change in standard clinical measures:

Study Participants Exposure Main findings
Ha et al., 2016[7] 60 adolescents aged 13 to 18 30 minutes of a 3D movie or a VR application on a headset No significant change in refraction, near point of accommodation or stereoacuity; transient myopic shifts of 17.2% to 30% immediately afterwards, which recovered fully within 40 minutes
Turnbull and Phillips, 2017[8] 19 adults aged 18 to 35 40-minute sessions in real and virtual environments with an Oculus Rift DK2 No difference in binocular status between conditions; choroidal thickness increased by about 10 microns after each VR session
Tychsen and Foeller, 2020[9] 50 children aged 4 to 10 Two 30-minute sessions of Eagle Flight on a PlayStation VR headset No significant change in visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment or stereoacuity; postural stability fell by an average of 9% (P = .06); small rises in eye, head and neck discomfort, fatigue and motion sickness scores
Silva et al., 2025[10] 50 children aged 10 to 12 60 minutes a day for four days on a Meta Quest 3, seated No significant change in acuity, stereoacuity, phoria or vergence facility, or in sickness and eye strain scores; accommodative facility was higher than baseline on the day after the last session

Turnbull and Phillips concluded that the headset's optical arrangement showed no evidence of an adverse short-term effect on binocular status. In animal studies, choroidal thinning precedes eye elongation and myopia, while thickening is followed by slower eye growth. On that basis the authors suggested that a VR headset "may not be a myopiagenic stimulus" despite the short viewing distance, while noting that longitudinal studies would be needed to test this.[8] These studies tested healthy volunteers over minutes to days. They do not show whether years of regular headset use affect the development of myopia in children; the authors of the 2025 study, which was funded by Meta, listed the lack of long-term follow-up and the controlled laboratory setting among its limitations.[10]

Photosensitive seizures

Flashing lights and certain patterns can trigger seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy, and headset makers warn about this. Meta's warnings for the Quest 3S state that "some people (about 1 in 4,000)" may experience severe dizziness, seizures, eye or muscle twitching or blackouts triggered by light flashes or patterns, even without a previous history of seizures, and that these symptoms "are more common in children and young people". Meta advises anyone who has had a seizure, loss of awareness or other symptoms linked to an epileptic condition to consult a doctor before use.[2] Apple advises people at risk for falls or seizures to consult a physician before using the Apple Vision Pro.[4]

A consensus statement from an Epilepsy Foundation working group, published online in Epilepsia in November 2025, advised designers of games, films, web video and VR images to avoid bright flashing in the 10-20 Hz range, repetitive color flashes, and oscillating or static stripes of about 1 to 8 cycles per degree of visual angle.[11] In clinical settings, a 2025 rapid systematic review in Australian Critical Care examined 27 articles covering 886 intensive care patients and 1,843 VR sessions and found no reported seizures. The authors noted that people with epilepsy or photosensitivity had commonly been excluded from VR trials and argued that such a history should not be an absolute contraindication, provided clinicians use content that does not strobe.[12]

Injuries and play-space safety

A fully immersive headset blocks the view of the room, so users can walk into walls or furniture, trip, fall, or strike people and objects with their hands or controllers. A 2023 study in the journal Injury by Cucher and colleagues analyzed US emergency department records in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 2013 to 2021. The first VR-related injury in the data was recorded in 2017, and VR-related injuries rose as headset sales grew, reaching a weighted national estimate of 1,336 emergency department visits by 2021. The most common diagnoses were fractures (30.3%), lacerations (18.6%), contusions (13.9%) and strains or sprains (10.0%). The hand, face, finger and knee were the body parts most often involved. Injuries to the face made up 62.3% of injuries in children aged 0 to 5, while patients aged 55 and older mostly injured the upper trunk (49.1%) and upper arm (25.2%).[13]

Headset platforms use boundary systems, such as the boundary feature of Meta Quest headsets (see Guardian System) and SteamVR's Chaperone, to show users the edge of a cleared play area. Meta describes its boundary as "a built-in safety feature that lets you set up virtual walls that appear when you get too close to the edge of your play area".[14] Manufacturer warnings tell users to clear obstacles and keep children and pets out of the area. Sony's health warning for VR states: "Review surroundings and clear obstacles before use."[15] Meta tells users to "always be aware of your physical surroundings and potential hazards" and notes that some activities, such as driving a car, "cannot be made safe" while using a headset. Meta also advises keeping a safe distance between a headset and implanted medical devices such as pacemakers.[2] Apple's guidance for the Vision Pro gives this distance as more than 6 inches (15 cm) from the headset and its battery, and warns that the device does not detect all obstacles.[4]

Neck and musculoskeletal load

A headset adds mass to the front of the head, and VR tasks can involve sustained arm raising. In a 2007 study in Human Factors, James F. Knight and Chris Baber had seven paramedics simulate treating a patient with and without a head-mounted wearable computer. Posture scores for the neck and for the whole body were significantly worse with the display, and the authors concluded that wearing a head-mounted display can force users to modify their neck posture and may compound the weight effect of the device.[16]

Later laboratory studies measured the effect of headset mass and balance directly. Takanori Chihara and Akihiko Seo tested 12 subjects wearing headsets of 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 kg with the center of mass moved forward or backward by 7 cm. Neck joint torque increased with headset mass in all four postures tested, and the center-of-mass position that minimized neck torque depended on the posture.[17] A 2021 study by Kodai Ito and colleagues, in which participants played a shooting game with differently weighted and balanced headsets, found that headset weight affected user fatigue, that the degree of fatigue depended on the center-of-mass position, and that torque at the neck joint corresponded to the physical load.[18]

Where virtual content is placed also matters. A 2020 study in Applied Ergonomics by Penumudi and colleagues asked 20 participants to point and paint at targets from 15 degrees above to 30 degrees below eye height. Targets at the extremes produced greater shoulder flexion (up to 52 degrees), higher neck flexion moments (up to 2.7 Nm) and more neck and shoulder discomfort. The authors recommended placing targets between eye height and 15 degrees below it.[19] Apple warns that repetitive activities on the Vision Pro, such as typing, swiping or playing games, may cause discomfort in the hands, arms, wrists, shoulders, neck or other parts of the body.[4]

Skin and hygiene

The facial interface of a headset presses against the skin. On 27 July 2021 Facebook Technologies recalled the removable foam facial interfaces of the Oculus Quest 2, about 4 million units in the United States and about 172,600 in Canada. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that the company had received about 5,716 reports of skin irritation, including rashes, swelling, burning, itching, hives and bumps, and about 45 reports of consumers who needed medical attention. Owners were offered a free silicone cover.[20] Meta's current warnings tell users to stop if they notice pressure, chafing, itching, irritation or lasting changes in skin appearance, and to wipe the headset down after each use. Apple notes that some people react to materials used in wearable items.[2][4]

Shared headsets can carry microorganisms. A 2024 systematic review in Microorganisms identified seven studies that found microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on extended reality headsets. Cleaning protocols varied and had varying levels of effectiveness. Because headsets are worn close to the eyes and other mucosal entry points, the authors argued that in hospitals they should be reclassified from "non-critical" to "semi-critical" devices under the Spaulding classification used for infection control.[21] Meta's warnings list infectious disease among the impairments during which users should not use the headset.[2]

Sleep

Research on recreational VR use before bedtime is limited. A 2024 systematic review of video gaming and sleep in adults, covering games in general rather than VR specifically, found that arousing games played before sleep delayed sleep onset in experimental studies, while habitual or casual gaming was not associated with poor sleep. The authors concluded that effects depend on how arousing the game is and on the duration and frequency of play.[22]

Researchers have also proposed relaxing VR content as a way to help people fall asleep. In a 2020 commentary in SLEEP, Massimiliano de Zambotti and colleagues argued that VR could be useful for people with sleep-onset difficulties, while stressing that this use still required research and validation.[23] In a randomized trial of 96 surgical intensive care patients in South Korea, a 20-minute VR mindfulness and relaxation session before bedtime improved self-reported sleep quality on the first two nights, but total sleep time measured with Fitbit devices did not differ significantly between groups.[24]

Depersonalization and derealization

Some users report feeling detached from themselves or that their surroundings seem unreal after leaving VR, experiences that resemble derealization and depersonalization. In a 2010 study in Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Frederick Aardema and colleagues measured dissociation and sense of presence in 30 non-clinical participants before and after an immersion in a virtual environment. Dissociative experience, including depersonalization and derealization, increased after exposure, and participants reported a lessened sense of presence in objective reality. People with higher pre-existing levels of dissociation and a greater tendency to become absorbed showed larger increases.[25]

A 2022 randomized controlled trial in Computers in Human Behavior by Carina Peckmann and colleagues at the University of Bonn compared VR gaming with PC gaming in 80 participants and measured symptoms before gaming, immediately after, one day later and one week later. The VR group reported significantly stronger depersonalization and derealization symptoms immediately after gaming, but there were no significant group differences one day or one week later, and no group differences in emotional or physiological reactivity. The authors concluded that VR can transiently induce such symptoms but found no evidence that they persist in the long term.[26]

Mental health

VR has an established therapeutic use in mental health care. In virtual reality exposure therapy, a form of virtual reality therapy, patients with anxiety disorders face computer-generated versions of feared situations. A 2008 meta-analysis by Mark B. Powers and Paul M. G. Emmelkamp of 13 studies (397 participants) found a large mean effect size for VR exposure therapy compared with control conditions (Cohen's d = 1.11), and in vivo exposure was not significantly more effective than VR exposure.[27]

Clinical use also has risks. In the 2023 systematic review by Robert M. Lundin and colleagues, 7 of 73 studies of VR and AR interventions for mental health diagnoses reported worsening clinical symptoms or an increased risk of falls. Another 21 studies said there were "no adverse effects" even though their results documented effects such as cybersickness. The authors called for a screening tool so that adverse effects are correctly identified and reported.[3]

Compulsive use, sometimes called VR addiction, has also been studied. In an online survey of 754 frequent VR users published in 2022, Miguel Barreda-Ángeles and Tilo Hartmann found that between 2% and 20% showed compulsive VR use, depending on the classification criteria. They described these estimates as similar to those for non-VR video games and social networking sites, and found that feelings of embodiment during use predicted addiction scores. Because the study was a survey, it shows association rather than causation.[28] Abuse between users on social platforms is covered in Harassment in virtual reality.

Children and age guidance

Headset makers set minimum ages for their devices and accounts:

Maker Device or service Stated minimum age Notes
Meta Meta Quest headsets 10 "Minimum age of 10 (requirements may vary by country)"; children's use "should always be supervised by an adult"[2]
Sony PlayStation VR2 12 "The VR headset is not for use by children under age 12"[15]
Apple Apple Vision Pro 13 Designed for people 13 and older; "Children ages 13 years and older should be supervised by an adult"[4]

Meta's minimum age was 13 until 2023. On 16 June 2023 Meta announced parent-managed accounts for children aged 10 to 12 on the Meta Quest 2 and Quest 3, and began rolling them out on 21 September 2023. A parent must set up the account, which gives parents control over the apps their children download.[29][30] Road to VR noted at the time that Meta's Safety Center still described its headsets as "not toys" and said younger children faced "greater risks of injury and adverse effects than older users".[30]

Research on children is limited and mostly short term. The laboratory studies of Tychsen and Foeller (ages 4 to 10) and Silva and colleagues (ages 10 to 12) found no significant changes in standard vision measures after sessions of up to an hour, and Tychsen and Foeller reported that no child showed aftereffects in the days after exposure.[9][10] A 2022 systematic review of 85 studies on VR and children by Polyxeni Kaimara and colleagues in the journal Virtual Reality found that the evidence remained contradictory, especially for psychosocial effects, and described official recommendations and academic research as reassuring when health and safety specifications, particularly time limits, are followed.[31] Meta's warnings state that headsets are not recommended for younger or smaller children, or when the headset cannot be adjusted to fit properly.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dimitrios Saredakis, Ancrêt Szpak, Brandon Birckhead, Hannah A. D. Keage, Albert Rizzo, Tobias Loetscher (2020-03-31). "Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 14, article 96. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00096. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 "Health And Safety Warnings - Meta Quest 3S". Meta. Meta Platforms. https://www.meta.com/legal/quest/health-and-safety-warnings/quest-3s/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Robert M. Lundin, Yuhern Yeap, David Benjamin Menkes (2023-05-05). "Adverse Effects of Virtual and Augmented Reality Interventions in Psychiatry: Systematic Review". JMIR Mental Health, vol. 10, article e43240. doi:10.2196/43240. https://doi.org/10.2196/43240. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Important safety information for Apple Vision Pro". Apple Vision Pro User Guide. Apple. https://support.apple.com/guide/apple-vision-pro/c0c84db82a44/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  5. ↑ Panagiotis Kourtesis, Simona Collina, Leonidas A. A. Doumas, Sarah E. MacPherson (2019-10-02). "Technological Competence Is a Pre-condition for Effective Implementation of Virtual Reality Head Mounted Displays in Human Neuroscience: A Technological Review and Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 13, article 342. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00342. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00342. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  6. ↑ David M. Hoffman, Ahna R. Girshick, Kurt Akeley, Martin S. Banks (2008-03-28). "Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue". Journal of Vision, vol. 8, no. 3, article 33. doi:10.1167/8.3.33. https://doi.org/10.1167/8.3.33. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  7. ↑ Suk-Gyu Ha, Kun-Hoo Na, Il-Joo Kweon, Young-Woo Suh, Seung-Hyun Kim (2016). "Effects of Head-Mounted Display on the Oculomotor System and Refractive Error in Normal Adolescents". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 238-245. doi:10.3928/01913913-20160511-01. https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20160511-01. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Philip R. K. Turnbull, John R. Phillips (2017-11-23). "Ocular effects of virtual reality headset wear in young adults". Scientific Reports, vol. 7, article 16172. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16320-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16320-6. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lawrence Tychsen, Paul Foeller (2020). "Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Headset Viewing on Young Children: Visuomotor Function, Postural Stability, and Motion Sickness". American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 209, pp. 151-159. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.020. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Karol Silva, Nichole Breeland, Ashley M. Clark, Ilke Oztekin, Rachel L. Kelly (2025-07-02). "Effects of virtual reality use in children aged 10 to 12 years". Frontiers in Virtual Reality, vol. 6, article 1547198. doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1547198. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1547198. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  11. ↑ Robert S. Fisher, Arnold Wilkins, Yukitoshi Takahashi, Liu Lin Thio, et al. (2025-11-24). "Visually-provoked seizures: Consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation Working Group". Epilepsia, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 565-581. doi:10.1111/epi.18702. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18702. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  12. ↑ A. Goldsworthy, M. F. Shiratuddin, O. Tronstad, J. F. Fraser, M. Olsen, L. Tajouri, K. W. Wong (2025). "Do virtual reality interventions cause seizures in the critically ill? A rapid review". Australian Critical Care, vol. 38, article 101231. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101231. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  13. ↑ Daniel J. Cucher, Melissa S. Kovacs, Clarence E. Clark, Charles K. P. Hu (2023). "Virtual reality consumer product injuries: An analysis of national emergency department data". Injury, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1396-1399. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.01.030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2023.01.030. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  14. ↑ "Set up your boundary for Meta Quest". Meta Quest Help Center. Meta. https://www.meta.com/help/quest/463504908043519/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Health warning". PlayStation. Sony Interactive Entertainment. https://www.playstation.com/en-ca/legal/health-warning/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  16. ↑ James F. Knight, Chris Baber (2007). "Effect of head-mounted displays on posture". Human Factors, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 797-807. doi:10.1518/001872007X230172. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872007X230172. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  17. ↑ Takanori Chihara, Akihiko Seo (2018). "Evaluation of physical workload affected by mass and center of mass of head-mounted display". Applied Ergonomics, vol. 68, pp. 204-212. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.016. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  18. ↑ Kodai Ito, Mitsunori Tada, Hiroyasu Ujike, Keiichiro Hyodo (2021-07-24). "Effects of the Weight and Balance of Head-Mounted Displays on Physical Load". Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 15, article 6802. doi:10.3390/app11156802. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156802. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  19. ↑ Sai Akhil Penumudi, Veera Aneesh Kuppam, Jeong Ho Kim, Jaejin Hwang (2020). "The effects of target location on musculoskeletal load, task performance, and subjective discomfort during virtual reality interactions". Applied Ergonomics, vol. 84, article 103010. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.103010. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  20. ↑ "Facebook Technologies Recalls Removable Foam Facial Interfaces for Oculus Quest 2 Virtual Reality Headsets Due to Skin Irritation Hazard". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 2021-07-27. https://cpsc.gov/Recalls/2021/Facebook-Technologies-Recalls-Removable-Foam-Facial-Interfaces-for-Oculus-Quest-2-Virtual-Reality-Headsets-Due-to-Skin-Irritation-Hazard-Recall-Alert. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  21. ↑ Adrian Goldsworthy, Matthew Olsen, Andy Koh, Thibaut Demaneuf, Gobinddeep Singh, et al. (2024-04-17). "Extended Reality Head-Mounted Displays Are Likely to Pose a Significant Risk in Medical Settings While Current Classification Remains as Non-Critical". Microorganisms, vol. 12, no. 4, article 815. doi:10.3390/microorganisms12040815. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040815. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  22. ↑ Oreste De Rosa, Fiona C. Baker, Giacinto Barresi, Francesca Conte, Gianluca Ficca, Massimiliano de Zambotti (2024). "Video gaming and sleep in adults: A systematic review". Sleep Medicine, vol. 124, pp. 91-105. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.015. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  23. ↑ Massimiliano de Zambotti, Giacinto Barresi, Ian M. Colrain, Fiona C. Baker (2020-09-04). "When sleep goes virtual: the potential of using virtual reality at bedtime to facilitate sleep". SLEEP, vol. 43, no. 12, article zsaa178. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa178. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa178. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  24. ↑ Soogyeong Kim, Jiyeon Kang (2025-04-02). "Effects of Virtual Reality Meditation on Sleep and Delirium in ICU Patients". CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, vol. 43, no. 8. doi:10.1097/CIN.0000000000001307. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000001307. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  25. ↑ Frederick Aardema, Kieron O'Connor, Sophie Côté, Annie Taillon (2010). "Virtual reality induces dissociation and lowers sense of presence in objective reality". Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 429-435. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0164. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0164. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  26. ↑ Carina Peckmann, Kyra Kannen, Max C. Pensel, Silke Lux, Alexandra Philipsen, Niclas Braun (2022). "Virtual reality induces symptoms of depersonalization and derealization: A longitudinal randomised control trial". Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 131, article 107233. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107233. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  27. ↑ Mark B. Powers, Paul M. G. Emmelkamp (2008). "Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis". Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 561-569. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.006. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  28. ↑ Miguel Barreda-Ángeles, Tilo Hartmann (2022-11-10). "Hooked on the metaverse? Exploring the prevalence of addiction to virtual reality applications". Frontiers in Virtual Reality, vol. 3, article 1031697. doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.1031697. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.1031697. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  29. ↑ "Introducing New Parent-Managed Meta Accounts for Families". Meta Quest Blog. Meta. 2023-06-16. https://www.meta.com/blog/meta-accounts-parent-managed-families/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Scott Hayden (2023-06-19). "Meta to Reduce Quest's Minimum Age Restriction to 10 Years". Road to VR. https://www.roadtovr.com/meta-quest-age-limit-10-years/. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
  31. ↑ Polyxeni Kaimara, Andreas Oikonomou, Ioannis Deliyannis (2022). "Could virtual reality applications pose real risks to children and adolescents? A systematic review of ethical issues and concerns". Virtual Reality, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 697-735. doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00563-w. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-021-00563-w. Retrieved 2026-10-21.
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