Toggle search
Toggle menu
4.9K
5.5K
229
46.8K
VR & AR Wiki
Toggle preferences menu
Toggle personal menu
Not logged in
Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits.

X3D

From VR & AR Wiki
More actions

X3D (Extensible 3D) is a royalty-free international standard for representing, publishing and exchanging interactive 3D scenes, developed by the Web3D Consortium and ratified by ISO and IEC as the ISO/IEC 19775, 19776 and 19777 family of standards.[1][2] It is the successor to VRML (the Virtual Reality Modeling Language), the original ISO standard for Web-based 3D graphics, and the Web3D Consortium describes it as "a direct superset of VRML".[1][3] An X3D file describes a scene graph of geometry, appearance, lights, sound, sensors, animation and scripts, and an X3D browser loads, renders and runs it.[4]

The Web3D Consortium began the X3D effort in February 1999 as a "next-generation componentized 3D standard that includes integration with XML".[5] ISO first approved the X3D architecture in 2004, and the current edition, X3D version 4.0 (ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023), was published in December 2023.[6][7] The standard does not assume any particular display or input device, and its Immersive profile targets "immersive virtual worlds with complete navigational and environmental sensor control".[4][8] The Web3D Consortium says X3D runs on devices from phones to CAVE projection rooms, and X3D content has been shown in head-mounted displays through WebXR in the open-source X3DOM library, and on the Samsung Gear VR through Samsung's GearVR Framework.[9][10][11]

Reviewed 4 October 2026. Checked every claim against the cited ISO/IEC 19775-1 spec pages, ISO records, Web3D Consortium pages, Library of Congress entry, Daly and Brutzman 2007, Samsung GVRf sources, X_ITE/X3DOM docs and paper metadata and abstracts. About review dates.

How it works

Scene graph and run-time

The scope clause of the 2023 specification defines X3D as "a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia".[12] Each X3D application is a 3D time-based space containing graphic and aural objects that can be loaded over a network and changed while the scene runs.[4] The basic unit of the run-time environment is the scene graph, a directed acyclic graph of nodes. Its transformation hierarchy places objects in space, and its behaviour graph describes how events flow between node fields.[4]

Behaviour is defined declaratively. A ROUTE statement connects an output event of one node to an input event of another, which lets authors build complex behaviours "without imperative programming".[4] X3D's animation nodes use key-frame animation with linear interpolation.[6] Sensor nodes respond to user interaction with geometry, to the user's movement through the world, or to the passage of time.[4] Authors can also define new node types from existing ones with the PROTO and EXTERNPROTO prototype mechanisms.[4][6]

For programmatic access, X3D defines the Scene Access Interface (SAI) in ISO/IEC 19775-2. Through the SAI, code can create and destroy nodes, send events, add routes, read and set field values and control the browser. Internal access goes through the Script node; external access connects a host application to the X3D run-time.[4] Language bindings for the SAI are standardized in ISO/IEC 19777. In 2007, Leonard Daly and Don Brutzman wrote that the specification required ECMAScript (JavaScript) support inside the X3D environment and left Java optional, "in order to keep Web-based implementations small and lightweight".[6]

The architecture leaves physical devices out of scope. The standard "does not define physical devices or any other implementation-dependent concepts (e.g., screen resolution and input devices)" and "does not assume the existence of a mouse or 2D display device".[4] Navigation is handled by the browser: the NavigationInfo node describes the desired navigation behaviour, and the exact user interface is left to each X3D browser.[13] The Web3D Consortium states that X3D models "easily port to alternative platforms like holographic, head-mounted or other display devices".[1]

Components and profiles

X3D is modular. A component is a set of related nodes and services (for example Geometry3D, Lighting, Navigation, Geospatial, Humanoid Animation (HAnim), NURBS, Rigid body physics or Volume rendering), and each component is divided into numbered support levels.[4][14] A profile is "a named collection of functionality and requirements" that an implementation must support to conform. A file declares its profile, and it can request extra components on top of it.[4] Daly and Brutzman describe the profiles as nested, each adding functionality to the one below.[6]

Profiles named in ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023[4]
Profile Intended use
Core Minimal file definitions; scenes that list the components and levels they need explicitly[15]
Interchange Exchange of geometry and animations between authoring systems; low-footprint engines with no interaction[16]
Interactive Lightweight playback engines with rich graphics and interactivity but limited navigation and environmental sensor control[17]
MPEG-4 interactive Base point of interoperability with the MPEG-4 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-1)[18]
Immersive Immersive virtual worlds with full navigation and environmental sensors, analogous to VRML97's base profile[8]
Full All features of the standard[19]
CADInterchange Passing computer-aided design (CAD) data to downstream applications[20]
MedicalInterchange Exchange of polygonal geometry, volumetric data and documentation between medical imaging systems[21]

Encodings

The run-time architecture is independent of the file format, and all concrete encodings must conform to the abstract specification in ISO/IEC 19775.[4] Daly and Brutzman described the encodings as isomorphic: the same content can exist in any of them, and files in different encodings can refer to one another.[6]

Encoding Standard File extension Notes
XML ISO/IEC 19776-1 .x3d Allows validation against the X3D schema and DTD[2][6]
Classic VRML ISO/IEC 19776-2 .x3dv Same structure as VRML97 and backward compatible with it[6]
Compressed Binary ISO/IEC 19776-3 .x3db Aimed at smaller files and faster parsing[6][2]
JSON ISO/IEC 19776-5 (in preparation) Listed by the Web3D Consortium as one of X3D's encodings; not yet an ISO standard[1][22]

Files compressed with gzip use the same extensions with a final "z". The IANA media types are model/x3d+xml, model/x3d-vrml and model/x3d+fastinfoset for the three ISO encodings.[2] The Web3D Consortium is also preparing an Efficient XML Interchange encoding (19776-4) and a Turtle encoding for Semantic Web use (19776-6).[22]

History

From VRML to X3D

VRML appeared in 1995 and became an ISO standard in 1997 as ISO/IEC 14772-1.[23][22] The Web3D Consortium, a non-profit standards development organization founded in 1997, maintains both VRML and X3D.[9]

On 12 February 1999 the consortium announced that it had started work on X3D. The announcement described an "interoperable set of lightweight, componentized 3D standards" for Internet and broadcast use, promised backward compatibility with VRML97 content, and named Microsoft, PLATINUM technology, Sony and Sun Microsystems as key supporters. Neil Trevett of 3Dlabs, then president of the VRML Consortium, called the componentized design "a fundamental advance in enabling the widespread deployment of 3D graphics on diverse computing platforms".[5] Daly and Brutzman later wrote that the early 3D browsers from companies such as ActiveWorlds, Cult3D and MetaStream only displayed content made for that one browser, and that by the early 2000s those companies were going out of business. X3D was designed from the lessons of VRML97 and those efforts.[6] The Web3D Consortium dates X3D's arrival as an XML encoding of VRML to 2001.[23]

ISO editions

X3D standards are drafted by the consortium's X3D Working Group and then reviewed and approved through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24, the subcommittee for computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation; the X3D and HAnim work sits in its Working Group 6.[6][22]

Version ISO publication Notable content
3.0 ISO/IEC 19775-1:2004 (first edition)[24] First ISO edition of the architecture, approved in 2004[6]
3.1 ISO/IEC 19775-1:2004/Amd 1 (listed by ISO as Amd 1:2007; the specification text is labelled Am1:2006)[25][26] Amendment adding version 3.1 fields and nodes, such as programmable shaders on Appearance and CAD geometry nodes such as CADAssembly[26]
3.2 ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008 (second edition, July 2008)[25] Second edition of the architecture; its profiles include CADInterchange[27]
3.3 ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 (third edition, published 19 November 2013)[28] Adds the Volume rendering component and the MedicalInterchange profile[29]
4.0 ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023 (fourth edition, December 2023)[7] HTML5 and CSS integration, glTF-style physically based rendering, Web Audio API, MIDI 2.0, Texture projection component[30][3]
4.1 Draft Planned to add Mixed Augmented Reality (MAR) capabilities[31]

Daly and Brutzman wrote in 2007 that the consortium submitted amendments or revisions to ISO every 12 to 18 months.[6]

X3D version 4

The Web3D Consortium dates the launch of X3D version 4 to a "Future of X3D" presentation at the Web3D 2017 conference in Brisbane.[31] The consortium released a public draft at Web3D/SIGGRAPH 2019,[32] committee drafts went to ISO national bodies for balloting, and the architecture passed its Draft International Standard ballot in November 2022.[31] ISO's record shows the project approved on 9 June 2021 and the fourth edition published in December 2023.[7] The Web3D Consortium announced the ratification in early 2024. The announcement named the JavaScript engines X3DOM and X_ITE as examples of HTML5 integration, and Castle Game Engine and FreeWRL as standalone engines.[33] In the same announcement, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24/WG 6 convenor Richard Puk said X3D and VRML had shown that graphics standards could be "fully backwards compatible and widely supported for over 25 years".[33]

The fourth edition replaced the 2013 third edition. The foreword of the fourth edition lists its major changes as integration with HTML5 and Cascading Style Sheets, lighting and rendering matched to glTF 2.0, audio rendering according to the Web Audio API, and the new Texture projection component.[30] X3D4 also supports Humanoid Animation 2.0 (ISO/IEC 19774-1 and 19774-2:2019), including BVH-style motion animation.[31][34]

As of October 2026, only the architecture (Part 1) has reached version 4.0 as an ISO standard. The Scene Access Interface (ISO/IEC 19775-2:2015) and the XML, Classic VRML and Compressed Binary encodings (ISO/IEC 19776-1, -2 and -3:2015) are still at version 3.3, with 4.0 revisions in progress. The consortium plans to finish the file-encoding updates in 2026 and the programming-language bindings in 2027.[22] Refinements to the architecture are being collected in an X3D 4.1 draft.[31]

X3D on the Web

The X3D browsers that Daly and Brutzman listed in 2007 included BS Contact, Flux Player, Octaga Player, FreeWRL and Xj3D.[6] In 2009, Johannes Behr, Peter Eschler, Yvonne Jung and Michael Zöllner proposed X3DOM, a model that maps X3D nodes directly into the HTML5 Document Object Model so that changes to DOM elements update the live 3D scene. They compared the approach to the way SVG is integrated for 2D graphics. Their paper noted that the HTML5 specification referenced X3D for declarative 3D scenes but did not define how to integrate it, and they outlined how an integration without plugins could work.[35] The resulting X3DOM library, produced by Fraunhofer IGD,[36] is open source, dual-licensed under MIT and GPL, and needs no plugin; it also supports HTML events such as "onclick" on 3D objects.[37] Its x3dom.js script parses X3D and displays the scene using WebGL.[11]

X_ITE is a second open-source JavaScript X3D browser. Loading its script makes an <x3d-canvas> HTML element available, and that element can display X3D, VRML and glTF files.[38] The Web3D Consortium identified X3DOM and X_ITE as prototypes for X3D version 4's direct HTML5 integration.[31] Behr, who originated X3DOM, said at the X3D4 ratification that "the plugin integration model was limited" and that "the X3D scene graph is now part of the Web page".[33]

Applications in VR and AR

Virtual reality

X3D evolved from VRML, and the Library of Congress format description notes that X3D, "like VRML, is designed to support a virtual environment". It cites the Immersive profile and immersive installations such as CAVE systems and Virginia Tech's Visionarium as examples of X3D's support for virtual reality.[2] The Web3D Consortium describes X3D as running on laptops, tablets, phones, "immersive headsets, and large-scale CAVES".[9] Its resource list describes InstantReality, from Fraunhofer IGD, as "a high-performance X3D player and Mixed Reality (MR) system".[39]

Samsung added X3D support to its open-source GearVR Framework (GVRf). In a talk at the Web3D birds-of-a-feather session at SIGGRAPH 2017, Samsung engineer Mitch Williams said the effort began in February 2016 and gave reasons for choosing X3D: it was exported by common 3D tools, its declarative format was easy to edit, and it supported interactivity through JavaScript. At that point Samsung's implementation covered transforms, primitive and indexed-face geometry, materials, image textures, directional, point and spot lights, Script nodes, ROUTEs and interpolator animation.[40] The GVRf project blog explained that the same .x3d file viewed in a Web browser through X3DOM could be parsed by GVRf and displayed in VR on the Gear VR.[11]

After browsers dropped WebVR in favour of WebXR, X3DOM added WebXR support. A 2023 paper by Raghav Sethi, Andreas Plesch, Timo Sturm and Nicholas Polys at the Web3D conference describes X3DOM as "one of the pioneering adaptors of WebXR APIs". The paper covers switching a scene from a regular screen into VR mode, using controllers for navigation and custom functions, and building photosphere and interactive scenes from standard X3D nodes.[10] X_ITE's <x3d-canvas> element has an xrSessionMode attribute that sets which kind of WebXR session to create; the default is immersive VR, and a value of NONE disables WebXR.[38]

Augmented and mixed reality

The Web3D Consortium formed a special interest group on Mixed and Augmented Reality (MAR) in July 2009. Members demonstrated AR with X3D, in particular through Fraunhofer IGD's X3DOM, and members of the Web3D Korea Chapter proposed extensions to the standard for MAR visualization.[36] The group then became a working group charged with collecting use cases and proposing X3D components for MAR scenes.[36] Its roadmap lists a comparison of proposals from the Fraunhofer team, Gun Lee and Gerry Kim in March 2012, and a merged draft of X3D AR extensions ready for member review in February 2013.[41]

Research papers at the Web3D conference have described related extensions. Franke, Kahn, Olbrich and Jung used real-time depth-imaging devices in X3D to make mixed reality scenes more realistic (2011).[42] Gerard J. Kim, Sangyong Lee and Gun Lee proposed information components for representing mixed and augmented reality content (2016).[43] The consortium has said that X3D version 4.1 will add MAR capabilities for VR and AR devices.[31]

Other applications

Medicine

The Web3D Consortium's Medical Working Group specified MedX3D, an extension to X3D for medical visualization and data exchange covering volume rendering, ontology support and data import and export. N. W. John and colleagues described it in 2008.[44] The Volume rendering component and the MedicalInterchange profile entered the standard with version 3.3 in 2013.[29] The Library of Congress describes MedX3D as an application for visualizing CT and MRI data through X3D's Volume rendering component.[2]

Engineering, archives and cultural heritage

The CADInterchange profile is aimed at passing CAD data to downstream applications.[20] According to the Library of Congress, the U.S. National Archives lists X3D as a preferred format for transferring CAD models, and the Library's own Recommended Formats Statement accepts X3D for 2D and 3D CAD vector images.[2]

In cultural heritage, Marcio Cabral and colleagues reported in 2007 on reconstructing historic city buildings, with X3D used for design, validation and immersive visualization.[45] Y. Jung, J. Behr and H. Graf analysed X3DOM as a delivery technology for virtual museums in 2011.[46] Daly and Brutzman's 2007 article also listed training, scientific visualization of proteins, subsea drilling-rig maintenance, radiation therapy and surgical simulation, and U.S. Navy mission planning among X3D applications.[6]

Relationship to glTF

X3D version 4 can compose scenes with glTF 2.0 assets, either by inlining glTF models directly or by building corresponding models from native X3D nodes.[47] It adds a PhysicalMaterial node for physically based rendering, and authors can use classic VRML Phong rendering, PBR, or both in one scene.[32] Rick Lentz, Don Brutzman and Michalis Kamburelis noted in 2021 that glTF renderers do not always produce visually identical results, and they described techniques for checking that X3D4 players render glTF assets and their X3D conversions consistently.[47] The consortium positions X3D as a higher-level scene description than glTF, with metadata, interaction and security features, and works with the Khronos Group on physically based rendering and glTF.[32]

Implementations

Implementation Type Notes
X3DOM JavaScript library (open source) HTML5/DOM integration, WebGL rendering, WebXR support; from Fraunhofer IGD[37][10][36]
X_ITE JavaScript library (open source) <x3d-canvas> element; reads X3D, VRML and glTF; WebXR sessions[38]
Castle Game Engine Engine and viewer (open source) Named by the consortium as a standalone X3D4 engine[33][32]
FreeWRL Browser (open source) X3D/VRML browser written in C[39][6]
Xj3D Java viewer and toolkit (open source) Daly and Brutzman call it the first X3D browser[6]
InstantReality Player X3D player and Mixed Reality system[39]
BS Contact Player X3D/VRML97 plugin for Web browsers from Bitmanagement[39][6]
Octaga Player Player X3D/VRML browser[39]

Content creation tools that support X3D include the free Java-based X3D-Edit, MeshLab and the Titania X3D Editor. The Library of Congress notes that Blender versions before 2.8 had direct X3D support.[2][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "What is X3D?". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d/what-x3d. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Extensible 3D (X3D) File Format Family". Sustainability of Digital Formats. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000490.shtml. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Introduction". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/introduction.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, 4 Concepts". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/concepts.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Web3D Consortium Launches X3D Standardization Initiative". HPCwire. 1999-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20190222101105/https://www.hpcwire.com/1999/02/12/web3d-consortium-launches-x3d-standardization-initiative-2/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 Leonard Daly, Don Brutzman (2007-11). "X3D: Extensible 3D Graphics Standard". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 130-135. doi:10.1109/MSP.2007.905889. https://hdl.handle.net/10945/41054. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023 Extensible 3D (X3D) Part 1: Architecture and base components". ISO. International Organization for Standardization. http://web.archive.org/web/20251011194455/https://www.iso.org/standard/82562.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex E Immersive profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/immersive.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "About Web3D Consortium". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/about. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Raghav Sethi, Andreas Plesch, Timo Sturm, Nicholas Polys (2023-10-09). "Integrating XR Content in X3DOM: Supporting Navigation and Custom Functions in X3D Scenes". Proceedings of the 28th International ACM Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D '23), pp. 1-4. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3611314.3615918. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "GVRf and the X3D file format". Samsung GearVR Framework blog. 2017-04-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20190920085750/http://www.gearvrf.org:80/blog/2017_4_17_x3d/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  12. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, 1 Scope". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/scope.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  13. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, 23 Navigation component". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/components/navigation.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  14. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Contents". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/Architecture.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  15. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex A Core profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/coreprofile.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  16. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex B Interchange profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/interchange.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  17. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex C Interactive profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/interactive.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  18. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex D MPEG-4 interactive profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/MPEG4interactive.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  19. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex F Full profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/fullProfile.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex H CADInterchange profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/CADInterchange.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  21. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Annex M MedicalInterchange profile". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/MedicalInterchange.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 "X3D Standards Progress". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d/progress. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "X3D and VRML, The Most Widely Used 3D Formats". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d-vrml-most-widely-used-3d-formats. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  24. ↑ "X3D Specification, ISO/IEC 19775-1:2004, Part 1: Architecture and base components". Web3D Consortium. 2004. https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/19775-1/V3.0/Part01/Architecture.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008 Extensible 3D (X3D) Part 1: Architecture and base components". ISO. International Organization for Standardization. http://web.archive.org/web/20230922094314/https://www.iso.org/standard/44679.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "X3D Specification, ISO/IEC 19775-1:2004/Am1:2006, Annex L Version content". University of Bremen (mirror of the Web3D Consortium specification). 2006. https://cgvr.cs.uni-bremen.de/teaching/vr_literatur/X3D_spec/X3DAbstractSpecification/Part01/versionContent.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  27. ↑ "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008, Architecture and base components". Web3D Consortium. 2008. https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/19775-1/V3.2/Part01/Architecture.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  28. ↑ "ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 Extensible 3D (X3D) Part 1: Architecture and base components". ISO. International Organization for Standardization. http://web.archive.org/web/20251001020052/https://www.iso.org/standard/60760.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013, Architecture and base components". Web3D Consortium. 2013. https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/19775-1/V3.3/Part01/Architecture.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Extensible 3D (X3D), ISO/IEC 19775-1:2023, Foreword". Web3D Consortium. 2023. https://www.web3d.org/specifications/X3Dv4/ISO-IEC19775-1v4-IS/Part01/foreword.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 "X3D Version 4.0 Standard Overview". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d4. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 "X3D4 Highlights". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d4-highlights. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Web3D Consortium Announces X3D 4.0 ISO/IEC Standardization for Publishing 3D on the Web". Web3D Consortium. 2024. https://www.web3d.org/news-story/web3d-consortium-announces-x3d-40-isoiec-standardization-publishing-3d-web. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  34. ↑ "Web3D Standards". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/standards. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  35. ↑ Johannes Behr, Peter Eschler, Yvonne Jung, Michael Zöllner (2009). "X3DOM: A DOM-based HTML5/X3D Integration Model". Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D '09), pp. 127-135. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1559764.1559784. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "Mixed Augmented Reality (MAR)". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/working-groups/mixed-augmented-reality-mar. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "X3DOM". X3DOM. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. https://www.x3dom.org/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Getting Started". X_ITE X3D Browser. CREATE3000. https://create3000.github.io/x_ite/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 "X3D Resources". Web3D Consortium. https://www.web3d.org/x3d/content/examples/X3dResources.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  40. ↑ Mitch Williams (2017-08-01). "Moving Web 3d Content into GearVR". Web3D Birds of a Feather, SIGGRAPH 2017. Samsung. https://www.web3d.org/sites/default/files/attachment/node/2184/edit/SamsungSIGGRAPH2017Web3dBOF.v1.pdf. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  41. ↑ "X3D and Augmented Reality". Web3D Consortium wiki. http://web.archive.org/web/20250523114607/https://wiki.web3d.org/wiki/index.php/X3D_and_Augmented_Reality. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  42. ↑ Tobias Franke, Svenja Kahn, Manuel Olbrich, Yvonne Jung (2011). "Enhancing realism of mixed reality applications through real-time depth-imaging devices in X3D". Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D '11), pp. 71-79. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2010425.2010439. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  43. ↑ Gerard J. Kim, Sangyong Lee, Gun Lee (2016). "Informational components for mixed and augmented reality content". Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology (Web3D '16), pp. 147-150. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2945292.2945307. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  44. ↑ N. W. John, M. Aratow, J. Couch, D. Evestedt, A. D. Hudson, N. Polys, R. F. Puk, A. Ray, K. Victor, Q. Wang (2008). "MedX3D: standards enabled desktop medical 3D". Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, vol. 132, pp. 189-194. PMID 18391284. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18391284/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  45. ↑ Marcio Cabral, Marcelo Zuffo, Silvia Ghirotti, Olavo Belloc, Leonardo Nomura, Mario Nagamura, Fernanda Andrade, Regis Faria, Leandro Ferraz (2007). "An experience using X3D for virtual cultural heritage". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D '07), pp. 161-164. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1229390.1229419. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  46. ↑ Y. Jung, J. Behr, H. Graf (2011). "X3DOM as Carrier of the Virtual Heritage". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XXXVIII-5/W16, pp. 475-482. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W16-475-2011. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Rick William Lentz, Don Brutzman, Michalis Kamburelis (2021). "X3D and glTF Model Differencing for Conversions, Comparison and Conformance Testing". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D '21). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485444.3493230. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
Retrieved from "https://vrarwiki.com/index.php?title=X3D&oldid=46426"