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Vuforia

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(Redirected from Qualcomm Vuforia)
Vuforia
Information
Type Augmented reality software development kit
Industry Augmented reality
Developer PTC (formerly Qualcomm)
Operating System Android, iOS, Universal Windows Platform (deprecated)
Supported Devices Smartphones, tablets, HoloLens 2 (deprecated), Magic Leap 2 (deprecated), RealWear HMT-1
Release Date 2010 (as QCAR SDK)
Website https://developer.vuforia.com

Vuforia is an augmented reality software development kit (SDK) for creating applications that recognise and track real-world images and objects through a device camera and overlay digital content on them. The current product is branded Vuforia Engine and is developed by PTC, an American industrial software company, after originating inside the chip maker Qualcomm, which released it as the QCAR SDK in 2010 and sold the business to PTC in 2015.[1][2] As of October 2026 the latest Engine release is version 11.4, published on 10 September 2025; PTC deprecated Magic Leap 2 support with that release and HoloLens 2 and Universal Windows Platform support in May 2026.[3] On 5 October 2026, Schneider Electric agreed to acquire PTC, and with it the Vuforia products, for US$205 per share in cash (about US$22.6 billion in equity value); the deal is expected to close by the third quarter of 2027, subject to PTC shareholder and regulatory approval.[4][5]

Vuforia Engine uses computer vision to detect planar images, three-dimensional objects, and physical spaces, then computes the camera pose so virtual content stays registered to the real scene. According to Game Developer, Qualcomm made the platform freely available to developers when it launched on Android in 2010, partnered with the Unity game engine to show how it could be used to create AR games, and brought it to iOS in 2011.[2] Qualcomm sold the business to PTC for US$65 million in a deal announced on 12 October 2015. At that time Vuforia had powered more than 20,000 apps with over 200 million installs across developers in 130 countries, and was used by 37 of the Interbrand 100 brands.[1][2] Under PTC the SDK has been positioned for enterprise use in manufacturing, service, and training, while remaining available to general developers, including through a free Basic plan.[6][7]

Reviewed 14 October 2026. Checked the Schneider Electric-PTC deal against the SEC 8-K exhibit and Auganix, the Qualcomm and PTC history against archived Qualcomm releases, CNX Software, Game Developer and PTC filings, and Engine versions, platforms, licensing and products against the Vuforia developer portal, GitHub and PTC pages, plus the two cited papers. About review dates.

History

Qualcomm era (2010-2015)

Qualcomm first shipped the technology as the QCAR (Qualcomm Augmented Reality) SDK. A public beta for Android, version 0.10.0 (Beta 2), was released with an extension for Unity on 17 December 2010 and added virtual buttons and multi-image targets.[8] Qualcomm announced commercial availability of version 1.0 for Android smartphones in April 2011, marking the end of the beta program; it supported native Android development and Unity 3 through the Qualcomm AR Unity Extension, with a web application for creating and managing image targets.[9] Qualcomm announced Vuforia as the new name of its AR platform in January 2012, and released Vuforia SDK 1.5 commercially for both Android and iOS at the end of February 2012. Version 1.5 let apps swap target datasets at runtime, gave access to the video background texture for shader effects, and improved tracking.[10]

In June 2012 Qualcomm reported that Vuforia had been used in more than 1,000 applications over the previous 12 months, by nearly 30,000 registered developers from more than 130 countries, and that the SDK came from Qualcomm's Austria Research Center and supported more than 400 smartphones and tablets.[11] At the same time it announced cloud-based image recognition: until then, Vuforia apps had matched images against a local database of up to 80 images, while the cloud service could search databases of more than one million images. The feature entered private beta in June 2012, demonstrated with American Apparel at Qualcomm's Uplinq 2012 conference and trialled by Blippar.[12] Version 2.0, announced on 20 December 2012, added the Cloud Recognition Service, which CNX Software reported as free for developers up to 1,000 images and 3,000 recognition events per month and paid for businesses. The same release introduced User-Defined Targets, which let an end user pick an image at runtime as a tracking target, and added Unity Play Mode support so developers could test without repeatedly installing builds on a device.[13] Game Developer notes that the SDK was later used for mobile AR games such as Level-5's Yo-Kai Land.[2]

PTC ownership (2015-present)

PTC completed the purchase on 3 November 2015 under an asset purchase agreement with Qualcomm Connected Experiences, Inc., a Qualcomm subsidiary, paying US$64.8 million in cash net of cash acquired. According to PTC's quarterly filing, Vuforia had about 80 employees at the time and its historical annualised revenue was not material; PTC said it bought the technology to enrich its Technology Platform portfolio, alongside its product lifecycle management and IoT software.[14][1]

Unity later bundled the SDK with its editor: the Unity 2017.2 installer included the Vuforia SDK, and developers enabled "Vuforia Augmented Reality Support" in the player's XR settings.[15] In January 2020 PTC clarified that Unity would no longer distribute the Vuforia Engine package natively; developers instead obtain it from the Unity Asset Store or PTC's own package registry.[3] Vuforia Engine 9.0, released on 18 March 2020, introduced Area Targets (first created from Matterport Pro2 scans), multi-object Advanced Model Targets, Scanned Model Targets and a Simulation Play Mode.[3] On 29 March 2021 PTC announced the release of Vuforia Engine Area Targets as part of its enterprise AR platform, describing it as the first offering in the market to support immersive AR experiences in spaces up to 300,000 square feet, built from 3D scans captured with Matterport, Leica, and NavVis hardware.[16] In March 2021 the Vuforia team also said its developer community had passed one million registered developers.[3]

Vuforia Engine 10, released on 29 July 2021, introduced a new API that required existing apps to migrate their code.[3] In January 2022 PTC introduced a free commercial Basic plan, a Premium plan sold as an annual subscription at a lower cost than the previous Pro licence, and optional cloud add-ons; the Enterprise plan followed with version 11 in February 2025.[3][7] Since February 2023, technical support has run through an issue-only GitHub repository, the Stack Overflow vuforia tag, and direct support forms instead of the old community forums.[3]

Ownership change (2026)

On 5 October 2026 Schneider Electric and PTC announced a definitive agreement under which Schneider Electric will acquire PTC for US$205 per share in cash, valuing PTC's equity at about US$22.6 billion (€20.1 billion) and its enterprise value at about US$23.7 billion. Both boards approved the transaction unanimously. Completion is expected by the third quarter of 2027 and requires approval by holders of a majority of PTC shares at a special meeting, plus regulatory approvals.[4] The announcement does not name Vuforia; AR industry site Auganix reported that PTC's Vuforia AR tools would sit alongside Schneider Electric's process and energy data and did not describe changes to the Vuforia products.[5] Until the deal closes, Vuforia remains a PTC product line.

Version history

The table lists selected releases and platform changes; dates are those of the official announcements.

Date Version or event Main changes
17 December 2010 QCAR SDK 0.10.0 (Beta 2) Android public beta with Unity extension; virtual buttons and multi-image targets.[8]
April 2011 QCAR SDK 1.0 Commercial release for Android; Unity 3 extension.[9]
January-February 2012 Vuforia SDK 1.5 Platform renamed Vuforia; commercial release for Android and iOS; runtime dataset swapping.[10]
20 December 2012 Vuforia SDK 2.0 Cloud Recognition Service; User-Defined Targets; Unity Play Mode.[13]
18 March 2020 Vuforia Engine 9.0 Area Targets; Advanced Model Targets with multiple-model detection; Scanned Model Targets; Simulation Play Mode.[3]
29 July 2021 Vuforia Engine 10 New Engine API; compression that PTC said cut Model Target upload times by up to 80% and dataset size by 50%.[3]
22 November 2022 Vuforia Creator app iPad app (an iPhone version was announced as coming soon) for scanning and testing Area Targets, testing Model Targets and recording sessions.[3]
14 December 2022 Vuforia Engine 10.12 Barcode Scanner API for barcodes and QR codes (Premium feature).[3]
1 February 2023 Vuforia Engine 10.13 Magic Leap 2 integration enters beta.[3]
19 February 2025 Vuforia Engine 11 Enterprise plan; On-Prem Advanced Model Targets; On-Prem Step Check; Cloud Area Targets; State-Based Model Targets out of beta.[3]
7 May 2025 Vuforia Engine 11.2 Unity 6 support; minimum ARCore raised to 1.45; Android armv7 support removed.[3][17]
18 June 2025 Vuforia Engine 11.3 Step Check validation-area sizing; Camera Bridge deprecated.[3][17]
10 September 2025 Vuforia Engine 11.4 On-Prem Advanced Model Targets on Android; Unity AR Foundation support removed; Magic Leap 2 and Intel Mac support deprecated.[3]
20 May 2026 Platform notice HoloLens 2 and Universal Windows Platform support deprecated; existing projects to stay on Engine 11.4.[3]

How it works

Vuforia Engine extracts natural features from the camera image and compares them against a stored target resource database. When it finds a match it tracks the target frame to frame and reports the pose of the camera relative to it, so an application can render 3D content anchored to the physical target.[18] Target databases can live on the device or, for large or frequently changing catalogues of thousands of images, in PTC's Cloud Recognition service.[18][13]

For spatial computing features that go beyond a single marker, Vuforia uses a layer called Vuforia Fusion, which builds on the platform's own computer vision together with the underlying device frameworks ARKit, ARCore, and Windows Holographic. Fusion lets Vuforia provide consistent device pose, anchors, and environment understanding across hardware that exposes those native capabilities at different levels.[19] PTC's documentation names ARKit, ARCore, Magic Leap and Windows Holographic for HoloLens 2 as the frameworks Fusion can use. On devices without ARKit or ARCore, Fusion falls back to Vuforia's own VISLAM (visual-inertial tracking) where the device has the needed sensors and has been calibrated by Vuforia, and otherwise to vision-only SLAM; PTC has deprecated VISLAM support and says it will be removed in a future release, after which Ground Plane will not work on such devices.[20]

Target types

Vuforia Engine recognises several categories of target, which determine what kind of physical thing an app can attach content to.[18][16]

Target type Description
Image Targets Flat images such as printed media, packaging, or posters, matched by their natural feature points.
Multi Targets Several Image Targets arranged in a known geometric configuration, for example the faces of a box.
Cylinder Targets Images wrapped onto cylindrical or conical surfaces such as bottles and cans.
VuMarks Customisable markers that double as a brand-styled graphic and an encoded data carrier. PTC calls them "the next-generation bar code"; a generated instance can hold unique identifiers, strings, numbers or bytes, and PTC says they overcome the limits of matrix bar codes that do not support AR.[21]
Model Targets Real objects recognised from their shape using existing 3D CAD data or a 3D scan; the object must be geometrically rigid and shiny surfaces are not supported. Advanced Model Targets use a cloud-trained database to recognise an object from a range of up to 360 degrees.[22]
State-Based Model Targets Model Targets that keep tracking an object as its shape changes, for example as parts are added or removed during assembly or a car door is opened; in beta from August 2024 and generally available from Engine 11.[3]
Ground Plane Detection of horizontal surfaces such as floors and tables so content can be placed in the environment without a printed marker.
Area Targets Whole indoor spaces captured as a 3D scan, supporting persistent AR across areas up to 300,000 square feet.[16]

Area Targets can be created from Matterport Pro2 and Pro3 cameras (and the Leica BLK360 through Matterport), NavVis M6 and VLX scanners, Leica BLK360 and RTC360 scanners, or LiDAR-equipped iOS devices running the Vuforia Creator app or the Area Target Capture API.[23] Engine 11 added Cloud Area Targets, which stream portions of the Area Target data to devices on demand instead of storing it in the app.[3]

Platform support

Vuforia Engine builds AR applications for Android, iOS, and Universal Windows Platform devices, and integrates with the Unity game engine as a development environment.[19][18] As of October 2026 PTC's supported-versions page lists Android 10 or later (64-bit ARM only, ARCore 1.45 or later), iOS 16 or later, Windows 10 and 11 for UWP, and Unity 6 (6000.0.38f1 or later) as the editor.[24]

The SDK also supports optical see-through stereo eyewear. PTC's digital eyewear page lists Microsoft's HoloLens 2 and the Magic Leap 2 (marked deprecated) as optical see-through devices, and the RealWear HMT-1 as a monocular video see-through device that tracks targets without device tracking.[25] Engine 11.4 deprecated Magic Leap 2 as a development platform; developers who continue on that headset must use Engine 11.4 or earlier.[3] Area Targets are supported only on devices that expose ARKit or ARCore, as well as the Magic Leap 2 and HoloLens 2.[23]

PTC posts release announcements in a public GitHub repository, although the SDK, samples and tools are downloaded only from the Engine Developer Portal.[17] On 20 May 2026 PTC marked support for HoloLens 2 and the Universal Windows Platform as deprecated, advising that no further improvements or fixes are planned, that projects targeting those platforms must stay on the current version (11.4), and that support will be removed in a future release. The notice also pointed out that Unity had deprecated HoloLens 2 in newer Unity versions.[3]

Licensing

Vuforia Engine is sold under tiered plans. The free Basic plan allows unlimited development and app publishing with Image, Multi and Cylinder Targets, VuMarks, Ground Plane, Instant Image Targets, and Cloud Image Recognition up to 1,000 targets and 1,000 recognitions per month. Model Targets, Area Targets and the Barcode Scanner can be tested under Basic with a Vuforia watermark but cannot be published; publishing them requires the Premium annual subscription. The Enterprise subscription adds on-premises features such as On-Prem Advanced Model Targets and Step Check. Cloud Image Recognition add-ons raise the monthly recognition allowance, with a standard overage rate of US$0.01 per recognition.[7]

Product family

Beyond the Engine SDK, PTC sells several Vuforia products aimed at enterprise AR. Vuforia Studio converts existing 3D CAD and product data, along with IoT data from PTC's ThingWorx platform, into AR experiences delivered through a single viewer application, Vuforia View.[26][27] Vuforia Expert Capture is a software-as-a-service tool that records expert procedures and uses 3D CAD to build step-by-step AR work instructions for frontline workers; it also includes Step Check, an AI-based visual inspection feature that shows pass or fail results in AR.[28] In the Engine SDK, Step Check compares a live camera view with a single masked template image without uploading images to Vuforia's cloud, and requires an Enterprise licence.[29]

Vuforia Chalk, a remote assistance tool that lets an expert annotate a technician's live camera view, has been discontinued. After acquiring ServiceMax, PTC consolidated its remote assistance products under ServiceMax Zinc, announced on 20 September 2024 that it would retire the Chalk service on 31 October 2025, and recommended migration to Zinc.[30][31]

Headset support has also narrowed on the enterprise side. With Vuforia Studio 10.4, announced on 30 April 2026, PTC deprecated Vuforia View on RealWear devices (10.4 is the final supported release there) and on HoloLens 2, discouraged new HoloLens 2 projects, and named Android and iOS mobile devices as the recommended platforms going forward.[27]

Research use

Vuforia has been used in academic work to improve or measure the registration of holograms on head-mounted displays. Frantz, Jansen, Duerinck and Vandemeulebroucke (2018) added Vuforia image tracking from the front-facing RGB camera of the first-generation Microsoft HoloLens for neuronavigation. In their tests, continuous camera tracking kept a mean perceived hologram drift of 1.41 mm, and 53% of surface points were localised with sub-2 mm accuracy, which the authors reported as 34% and 68% improvements over a standard HoloLens deployment.[32] Rieder, van Tol and Aschenbrenner (2021) used Vuforia Image Targets to benchmark close-range accuracy on both HoloLens generations: test users marking the perceived position of holographic cones deviated by a mean of 2.59 mm (±1.79) on the first-generation HoloLens and 1.11 mm (±0.98) on HoloLens 2.[33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "PTC to Acquire Augmented Reality Leader Vuforia from Qualcomm". PTC Investor Relations. 2015-10-12. https://investor.ptc.com/resources/news/news-details/2015/PTC-to-Acquire-Augmented-Reality-Leader-Vuforia-from-Qualcomm/default.aspx. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Alex Wawro (2015-10-12). "Qualcomm sells off its mobile AR game platform Vuforia for $65M". Game Developer. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/qualcomm-sells-off-its-mobile-ar-game-platform-vuforia-for-65m. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 "News - Engine Developer Portal". Vuforia Engine Developer Portal. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/news. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Schneider Electric to acquire PTC, creating the next level of Energy and Industrial Intelligence (Exhibit 99.1, Form 8-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR. PTC Inc.. 2026-10-05. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000857005/000119312526413124/d174191dex991.htm. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sam Sprigg (2026-10-06). "Enterprise AR Software Provider PTC to Be Acquired by Schneider Electric in $22.6 Billion Deal". Auganix. https://www.auganix.org/ar-news-schneider-electric-acquires-ptc/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  6. ↑ "Vuforia Enterprise Augmented Reality (AR) Software". PTC (archived 25 August 2026). PTC. https://web.archive.org/web/20260825071814/https://www.ptc.com/en/products/vuforia. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Pricing and Licensing Options". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/FAQ/pricing-and-licensing-options/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jean-Luc Aufranc (2010-12-18). "An Update for Qualcomm Augmented Reality SDK and Extension for Unity is Available". CNX Software. https://www.cnx-software.com/2010/12/18/an-update-for-qualcomm-augmented-reality-sdk-and-extension-for-unity-is-available/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jean-Luc Aufranc (2011-04-28). "Qualcomm Officially Release its Augmented Reality SDK". CNX Software. https://www.cnx-software.com/2011/04/28/qualcomm-officially-release-its-augmented-reality-sdk/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jean-Luc Aufranc (2012-02-29). "Qualcomm Releases Augmented Reality Vuforia SDK 1.5 for Android and iOS". CNX Software. https://www.cnx-software.com/2012/02/29/qualcomm-releases-augmented-reality-vuforia-sdk-1-5-for-android-and-ios/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  11. ↑ "Qualcomm Sees Significant Adoption of the Vuforia Augmented Reality Platform". Qualcomm. 2012-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/2015/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2012/06/27/qualcomm-sees-significant-adoption-vuforia-augmented-reality-platform. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  12. ↑ "Vuforia Extends Image Recognition to the Cloud". Qualcomm. 2012-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20141108233703/https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2012/06/27/vuforia-extends-image-recognition-cloud. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Qualcomm Vuforia SDK 2.0 Augmented Reality Development Kit Leverages the Cloud". CNX Software. 2012-12-20. https://www.cnx-software.com/2012/12/20/qualcomm-vuforia-sdk-2-0-augmented-reality-development-kit-leverages-the-cloud/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  14. ↑ "PTC Inc. Form 10-Q for the quarter ended January 2, 2016". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR. PTC Inc.. 2016-02-10. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/857005/000085700516000050/ptc01022016q1.htm. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  15. ↑ "Vuforia (Unity 2017.2 Manual)". Unity Documentation. Unity Technologies. https://docs.unity3d.com/2017.2/Documentation/Manual/vuforia-sdk-overview.html. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "PTC Expands Spatial Computing Capabilities with Vuforia Engine Area Targets". PTC Investor Relations. 2021-03-29. https://investor.ptc.com/resources/news/news-details/2021/PTC-Expands-Spatial-Computing-Capabilities-with-Vuforia-Engine-Area-Targets/default.aspx. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Releases - PTCInc/vuforia-engine". GitHub. PTC. https://github.com/PTCInc/vuforia-engine/releases. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Image Targets". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/images-and-objects/image-targets/image-targets/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Platform Frameworks". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/platform-support/platform-frameworks/platform-frameworks/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  20. ↑ "Vuforia Fusion". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/environments/device-tracking/vuforia-fusion/vuforia-fusion/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  21. ↑ "VuMarks". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/images-and-objects/vumarks/vumarks/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  22. ↑ "Model Targets". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/images-and-objects/model-targets/model-targets/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Area Targets". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/environments/area-targets/area-targets/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  24. ↑ "Supported Versions". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/platform-support/supported-versions/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  25. ↑ "Vuforia Engine for Digital Eyewear". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/platform-support/digital-eyewear/vuforia-engine-digital-eyewear/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  26. ↑ "Modernize Training and Work Instructions with Vuforia Studio". PTC (archived 18 September 2026). PTC. https://web.archive.org/web/20260918125446/https://www.ptc.com/en/products/vuforia/vuforia-studio. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "What's New in Vuforia Studio? (Vuforia Studio 10.4)". Vuforia Studio - What's New?. PTC. 2026-04-30. https://studio.updates.vuforia.com/whats-new-in-vuforia-studio-nuRvG. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  28. ↑ "Vuforia Expert Capture: Scale Expert Knowledge and Deliver AI Guidance". PTC (archived 5 October 2026). PTC. https://web.archive.org/web/20261005204121/https://www.ptc.com/en/products/vuforia/vuforia-expert-capture. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  29. ↑ "Step Check". Vuforia Engine Library. PTC. https://developer.vuforia.com/library/vuforia-engine/step-check/step-check/. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  30. ↑ "Vuforia Chalk end of service notice". PTC Community. PTC. 2024-09-20. https://community.ptc.com/t5/Vuforia-Chalk/Vuforia-Chalk-end-of-service-notice/td-p/972878. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  31. ↑ "Vuforia Chalk and ServiceMax Zinc: A New Remote Assistance Future for PTC". PTC (archived 22 September 2026). PTC. https://web.archive.org/web/20260922133335/https://www.ptc.com/en/products/vuforia/vuforia-chalk. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  32. ↑ T. Frantz, B. Jansen, J. Duerinck, J. Vandemeulebroucke (2018-10). "Augmenting Microsoft's HoloLens with vuforia tracking for neuronavigation". Healthcare Technology Letters, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 221-225. doi:10.1049/htl.2018.5079. https://doi.org/10.1049/htl.2018.5079. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
  33. ↑ J. S. I. Rieder, D. van Tol, D. Aschenbrenner (2021). "Effective close-range accuracy comparison of Microsoft HoloLens Generation one and two using Vuforia ImageTargets". 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). doi:10.1109/VRW52623.2021.00158. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW52623.2021.00158. Retrieved 2026-10-14.
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