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Smart contact lens

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A smart contact lens is a contact lens that carries electronic or optical components beyond simple vision correction, such as sensors, antennas, integrated circuits, light emitters or a display. In augmented reality (AR), the term usually refers to a lens that places digital images in the wearer's view directly from the surface of the eye, an idea also described as an "AR contact lens" or "bionic contact lens".[1][2] The same name is used for medical lenses that measure the eye or the tear film, for example intraocular pressure or tear glucose.[3]

Display contact lenses have been studied since the late 2000s, when Babak Parviz's group at the University of Washington built lenses with embedded circuits and LEDs and later a wirelessly powered single-pixel display tested on rabbits.[1][4] The best-known AR prototype was the Mojo Vision Lens, which combined a 14,000 pixels-per-inch MicroLED display, a radio, motion sensors and batteries in the lens; Mojo Vision's CEO wore it in June 2022, and the company stopped the project in January 2023, citing difficulty raising capital.[2][5] A second approach, developed by Innovega, keeps the display in a pair of glasses and uses optics inside the contact lens to let the eye focus on it.[6]

Reviewed 4 October 2026. Checked every citation against its source: UW, IEEE Spectrum, Google, FDA De Novo, Innovega, Mojo Vision and XPANCEO facts, and bibliographic details of all ten papers via Crossref and PubMed. About review dates.

Types

Published work on smart contact lenses falls into three broad groups.

Type How it works Examples
Display lens with on-lens light source Light emitters (LEDs, a microLED panel) or light modulators (liquid crystal, electrochromic material) are built into the lens, together with power and control electronics University of Washington single-pixel display (2011); Ghent University and imec liquid crystal lens (2012); Mojo Vision Lens (2020-2023)
Optical lens paired with a near-eye display The lens carries passive optics, such as a filter and a high-power central lenslet, that let the eye focus on a microdisplay mounted in spectacles Innovega iOptik lens with eMacula eyewear
Sensing lens Sensors in the lens measure the eye or the tear film and send data wirelessly to an external device Sensimed Triggerfish (intraocular pressure pattern recorder); Google and Alcon glucose lens project (2014-2018)

Sources for each row are given in the sections below. Some research lenses combine groups, for example a glucose sensor with a display pixel that shows the result.[7]

Technical challenges

In a 2009 IEEE Spectrum article, Parviz set out the main engineering problems for a display contact lens.[8] The later literature returns to the same ones.

  • Focusing. The eye cannot focus on objects closer than about 10 centimeters, so light from a pixel on the cornea would not form a sharp image without extra optics. Parviz proposed microlens arrays placed about 360 micrometers from the pixels.[8] The 2011 University of Washington prototype used Fresnel lenses less than 1 micrometer thick, about 360 micrometers from the LED, which made the pixel appear to float about 1 meter in front of the eye.[9]
  • Power. There is little room for a battery. Parviz estimated that solar cells could supply about 30 microwatts indoors from 1 square centimeter at 10% efficiency, and radio-frequency harvesting about 100 microwatts from 1 square centimeter of antenna.[8] Later prototypes added microbatteries (Mojo Vision) or printed, wirelessly rechargeable supercapacitors (a 2019 study by Jihun Park and colleagues, which included a human pilot trial).[2][10]
  • Safety and oxygen. Parviz gave a limit of 45 degrees Celsius for lens temperature and noted that aluminum gallium arsenide, the material of most red LEDs, is toxic and must be sealed in a biocompatible polymer.[8] Electronics and their substrates also block oxygen from reaching the cornea; the 2011 team listed the oxygen permeability of its polyethylene terephthalate lens as an open problem.[9] Mojo Vision's 2022 lens had oxygen channels and placed its batteries and chips so as to preserve peripheral vision.[2] A 2019 Peking University study used a commercial hydrogel lens with metal-coated nanofiber mesh conductors to keep gas permeability high; rabbits wore the devices for 12 hours with corneal staining comparable to plain hydrogel lenses.[11]
  • Fabrication. Semiconductor processes use high temperatures and corrosive chemicals that flexible lens polymers cannot survive, so the University of Washington group built components on separate substrates and placed them in photolithographically defined wells on the lens by self-assembly and micrometer-scale soldering.[8] Opaque, brittle parts can also block vision; Park and colleagues addressed this in 2018 with transparent, stretchable nanostructures and index-matched patterning.[7]

History

University of Washington (2008-2011)

In January 2008 the University of Washington reported that Parviz's group had combined a flexible, biologically safe contact lens with an imprinted electronic circuit and red LEDs about one third of a millimeter across. That prototype did not yet light up. Rabbits wore the lenses for up to 20 minutes with no adverse effects, and Harvey Ho presented the results at the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems conference.[1][12] Parviz said that "looking through a completed lens, you would see what the display is generating superimposed on the world outside". The university's release suggested uses such as showing a vehicle's speed to drivers or pilots, and immersing video game players "in a virtual world without restricting their range of motion".[1]

The 2009 Spectrum article described prototype lenses with an LED, a small radio chip and an antenna that had been powered wirelessly, as well as simple sensors for molecules such as glucose, and Parviz compared the contact lens to a future "real platform, like the iPhone is today".[8] In November 2011 the group, working with Aalto University in Finland, described a wirelessly powered single-pixel contact lens display in the Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. It held an antenna, a 500 x 500 micrometer power-harvesting and radio chip, and a 750 x 750 micrometer sapphire chip with a blue micro-LED (peak emission 475 nm). The display could be powered from about 1 meter in free space but only about 2 centimeters on a rabbit's eye. Live, anesthetized rabbits wore it with no observed adverse effect.[4][9]

Liquid crystal lens (2012)

In December 2012, the Centre of Microsystems Technology at Ghent University and imec showed a contact lens with a spherically curved liquid crystal cell that displayed a dollar-sign pattern. Unlike the LED designs, the approach could in principle use the whole lens area for pixels. The prototype needed external wiring, and lead researcher Jelle De Smet said the main difficulty was making a thin, curved substrate that could survive molding. Proposed uses included adaptive sunglasses, an artificial iris and cosmetic color change.[13][14] The work was published as "Progress toward a liquid crystal contact lens display" in the Journal of the Society for Information Display in 2013.[15]

Google and Verily glucose lens (2014-2018)

On 16 January 2014, Google announced a smart contact lens project co-founded by Brian Otis and Babak Parviz. The prototype put a wireless chip and a small glucose sensor between two layers of soft lens material, with an antenna thinner than a human hair, and could take a tear glucose reading once per second. The team said it was looking at adding tiny LEDs to warn the wearer when glucose crossed a threshold.[16] The project was later run by Verily in partnership with Alcon, the eye-care division of Novartis, a collaboration that began in 2014. In November 2018 Verily paused the glucose lens because its clinical studies found insufficient correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose, and because interference from other molecules in tears made the small quantities of glucose hard to measure reliably. Work continued on an accommodating contact lens for presbyopia and an intraocular lens.[17]

Sensimed Triggerfish (2016)

Swiss company Sensimed AG's Triggerfish is a sensing lens rather than a display. It uses a strain gauge in a soft silicone lens to record changes in the circumference of the eye at the corneoscleral interface. An adhesive antenna worn around the eye powers the sensor and receives its data, and a cable connects the antenna to a recorder worn by the patient. The FDA created the new device type "diurnal pattern recorder system" (21 CFR 886.1925, Class II) for it through the De Novo process (DEN140017). The device is indicated to detect peak patterns of intraocular pressure variation over a maximum of 24 hours.[18] It does not measure pressure directly, and the FDA permitted its marketing in March 2016.[19]

Innovega iOptik and eMacula

Innovega was co-founded by optometrist Jerome Legerton and Stephen Willey, a former CEO of MicroVision, and received funding from the National Science Foundation, DARPA and the National Institutes of Health.[20] Its iOptik lens holds a flexible, oxygen-permeable polarizing filter and is designed to work with eMacula eyewear that carries the displays. In July 2019 the company received Institutional Review Board approval for on-eye wear of up to six hours, and said the lens was in the FDA De Novo process.[21] The eMacula system sends separate images from spectacle-mounted microdisplays to each eye, which allows binocular 3D viewing. In a 2021 Ohio State University study of 15 normally sighted subjects, mean visual acuity with the lenses was better than 20/20.[6]

Jennifer Fogt of the Ohio State University College of Optometry published a related Innovega-funded study in 2023. Fifteen participants wore ultra-high oxygen permeability silicone elastomer lenses containing an encapsulated two-state polarizing filter and a high-powered central lenslet, together with spectacles holding micro-displays at the lenslet's focal length. No eye showed moderate or severe corneal staining after wear, and participants rated the ease of seeing three-dimensional images at a mean 8.47 on a 10-point scale.[22] As of October 2026, Innovega's website offers first-generation smart eyewear for people with vision loss and describes a second-generation "Smart Lens Platform" that adds its contact lens technology as upcoming.[23]

Mojo Vision (2020-2023)

Mojo Vision showed its Mojo Lens in January 2020 and announced that the FDA had granted it Breakthrough Device designation. The first planned medical use was helping people with low vision through real-time contrast and lighting enhancement and zoom. At the time the company was running feasibility studies under Institutional Review Board approval.[24]

The 2022 prototype used a 14,000 pixels-per-inch monochrome microLED display, medical-grade microbatteries, a custom power management chip and a custom 5 GHz radio. An accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer tracked eye movement. On 23 June 2022 CEO Drew Perkins wore it in what the company called "the first ever on-eye demonstration of a feature-complete augmented reality smart contact lens".[2] Road to VR's Ben Lang tried the lens on a tethered stick held up to the eye. He reported a green display 0.48 mm across with 1.8 micrometers between pixels and a 15 degree field of view. Because the display moves with the eye, it always sits over the fovea, which Lang described as built-in foveated rendering.[25]

On 6 January 2023 Mojo Vision said it was halting work on the lens and laying off about 75% of its staff, citing "significant challenges in raising capital".[5] Perkins blamed "the slumping global economy, extremely tight capital markets, and the yet-to-be proven market potential for advanced AR products".[26] The company refocused on its microLED displays. In September 2025 it raised a US$75 million Series B Prime round led by Vanedge Capital to commercialize micro-LED displays for XR glasses and other uses.[27]

XPANCEO

Dubai-based XPANCEO, founded by Roman Axelrod and Valentyn S. Volkov, showed five smart contact lens prototypes at MWC 2025 in March 2025. They included a lens for AR vision with an integrated microdisplay, a lens powered wirelessly by a portable, case-like companion device, a biosensing lens for tear fluid, a lens with an intraocular pressure sensor and a lens with a data antenna. The announcement gave no launch date.[28] In an October 2024 hands-on, The Ghost Howls held an earlier AR demo unit close to the eye rather than wearing it. It showed monochrome green text and menus; the company stated a 30 degree field of view, though the reviewer perceived about 10-20 degrees.[29] In July 2025 XPANCEO raised a US$250 million Series A round led by Opportunity Venture (Asia) at a reported US$1.35 billion valuation; its lenses were still at the prototype stage.[30]

Timeline

Date Event
January 2008 University of Washington reports a contact lens with circuits and LEDs, worn by rabbits for up to 20 minutes[1]
September 2009 Parviz describes the display contact lens concept and its challenges in IEEE Spectrum[8]
November 2011 Wirelessly powered single-pixel contact lens display published[4]
December 2012 Ghent University and imec show a curved liquid crystal contact lens display[13]
January 2014 Google announces its glucose-sensing smart contact lens project[16]
March 2016 FDA permits marketing of the Sensimed Triggerfish pressure-pattern lens[19]
January 2018 UNIST researchers publish a soft lens with a glucose sensor, wireless power and a display pixel[7]
November 2018 Verily and Alcon pause the glucose lens[17]
July 2019 Innovega receives IRB approval for on-eye iOptik testing[21]
January 2020 Mojo Vision Lens shown; FDA Breakthrough Device designation announced[24]
June 2022 Mojo Vision's CEO wears the feature-complete Mojo Lens[2]
January 2023 Mojo Vision halts lens development[5]
March 2025 XPANCEO shows five prototypes at MWC 2025[28]

Applications in VR and AR

For AR, a display contact lens would put information in view without a head-mounted display or smart glasses frame. IEEE Spectrum's Tekla Perry tried 2022 demonstration apps that tagged compass headings as the user turned, showed monochrome images, scrolled teleprompter text and played a monochrome video stream; an Alexa Shopping List app developed with support from Amazon was announced in November 2022.[2] Mojo's interface used gaze as a "spotlight" that revealed interface elements, and Mojo claimed its sensor-based eye tracking was an order of magnitude more precise than leading optical eye-tracking systems in XR headsets.[25]

Assistive vision is the use most often named for early products. Mojo Vision's first planned application was low vision.[24] Innovega's current product line is aimed at people with vision loss.[23]

The Innovega design also addresses the vergence-accommodation conflict that causes eyestrain in stereoscopic headsets. Innovega says the lenslet gives enough depth of field that users can "verge their eyes to any distance needed to fuse the stereo content into a 3D image, and their eyes can focus to this same depth"; this is a company claim based on its own white paper.[31][20]

Research

Academic groups continue to test new display and power methods on contact lenses:

Year Group Result
2018 Park et al., UNIST Soft lens integrating a glucose sensor, wireless power transfer circuit and display pixels using transparent, stretchable nanostructures; in vivo tests showed sensing results on the lens display[7]
2019 Park et al., Yonsei University, UNIST and KAIST Printed, wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitor powering an antenna, rectifier and LED in a soft lens, with a human pilot trial[10]
2023 Kim et al., KERI and UNIST Micro-printed Prussian blue electrochromic display on a smart contact lens that showed navigation directions from real-time GPS coordinates[32]
2024 Ko et al., KAIST, KIMM and POSTECH Metasurface holograms transferred onto contact lenses with a biocompatible hyaluronic acid mold, for holographic light projection aimed at AR displays[33]

A 2026 review in Advanced Materials by Liu, Li and Shen covers the design of wireless smart contact lenses, including substrates, coils and circuit configurations, their fabrication, and their uses in health monitoring, disease treatment and human-machine interaction.[3]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Hannah Hickey (2008-01-17). "Bionic eyes: Contact lenses with circuits, lights a possible platform for superhuman vision". UW News. University of Washington. https://www.washington.edu/news/2008/01/17/bionic-eyes-contact-lenses-with-circuits-lights-a-possible-platform-for-superhuman-vision/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Tekla S. Perry (2022-06-28). "Mojo Vision Puts Its AR Contact Lens Into Its CEO's Eyes (Literally)". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/looking-through-mojo-visions-newest-ar-contact-lens. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 H. Liu, L. Li, G. Shen (2026-02-18). "Recent Advances in Wireless Smart Contact Lenses for Ophthalmic Health Management and Eye-Function Enhancement". Advanced Materials, vol. 38, no. 18, e16945. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202516945. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 A. R. Lingley, M. Ali, Y. Liao, R. Mirjalili, M. Klonner, M. Sopanen, S. Suihkonen, T. Shen, B. P. Otis, H. Lipsanen, B. A. Parviz (2011-11-22). "A single-pixel wireless contact lens display". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 21, no. 12, 125014. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/21/12/125014. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Brian Heater (2023-01-06). "Mojo Vision puts contact lens production 'on hold' as it lays off 75% of staff". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/06/mojo-vision-puts-contact-lens-production-on-hold-as-it-lays-off-75-of-staff/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Positive Visual Performance Reported with Innovega's iOptik Contact Lens". PR Newswire. Innovega. 2021-11-10. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/positive-visual-performance-reported-with-innovegas-ioptik-contact-lens-301421115.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 J. Park, J. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, W. H. Cheong, J. Jang, Y.-G. Park, K. Na, Y.-T. Kim, J. H. Heo, C. Y. Lee, J. H. Lee, F. Bien, J.-U. Park (2018-01-24). "Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays". Science Advances, vol. 4, no. 1, eaap9841. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9841. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Babak A. Parviz (2009-09-01). "Augmented Reality in a Contact Lens". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/augmented-reality-in-a-contact-lens. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Willie D. Jones (2011-11-23). "Wireless Display on a Contact Lens". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/wireless-display-on-a-contact-lens. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 J. Park, D. B. Ahn, J. Kim, E. Cha, B.-S. Bae, S.-Y. Lee, J.-U. Park (2019-12-06). "Printing of wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations". Science Advances, vol. 5, no. 12, eaay0764. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0764. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  11. ↑ S. Wei, R. Yin, T. Tang, Y. Wu, Y. Liu, P. Wang, K. Wang, M. Mei, R. Zou, X. Duan (2019-07-23). "Gas-Permeable, Irritation-Free, Transparent Hydrogel Contact Lens Devices with Metal-Coated Nanofiber Mesh for Eye Interfacing". ACS Nano, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 7920-7929. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b02305. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  12. ↑ H. Ho, E. Saeedi, S. S. Kim, T. T. Shen, B. A. Parviz (2008). "Contact lens with integrated inorganic semiconductor devices". 2008 IEEE 21st International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. pp. 403-406. doi:10.1109/MEMSYS.2008.4443678. https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMSYS.2008.4443678.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Belgian team develops "LCD" contact-lens display". optics.org. 2012-12-05. https://optics.org/news/belgian-team-develops-lcd-contact-lens-display. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  14. ↑ Alexis Santos (2012-12-10). "Researchers devise contact lens with built-in LCD (video)". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2012-12-10-researchers-contact-lens-lcd-display.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  15. ↑ J. De Smet, A. Avci, P. Joshi, D. Schaubroeck, D. Cuypers, H. De Smet (2013-09). "Progress toward a liquid crystal contact lens display". Journal of the Society for Information Display, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsid.188. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Brian Otis, Babak Parviz (2014-01-16). "Introducing our smart contact lens project". Google Blog. Google. https://blog.google/alphabet/introducing-our-smart-contact-lens/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Abner Li (2018-11-16). "Verily pauses work on glucose-sensing contact lens, focusing on other Smart Lens projects". 9to5Google. https://9to5google.com/2018/11/16/verily-glucose-contact-lens-on-hold/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  18. ↑ "De Novo Classification Request for SENSIMED Triggerfish (DEN140017)". FDA CDRH De Novo decision summary. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/den140017.pdf. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "FDA permits marketing of Sensimed's Triggerfish". Startupticker.ch. 2016-03-07. https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/march-2016/fda-permits-marketing-of-sensimed-s-triggerfish. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Innovega Announces Augmented and Virtual Reality Eyestrain Management Technology". PR Newswire. Innovega. 2019-02-10. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/innovega-announces-augmented-and-virtual-reality-eyestrain-management-technology-300792851.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Innovega Gains Key Institutional Review Board (IRB) Approval for On-Eye Testing of iOptik Contact Lens for Augmented and Virtual Reality". PR Newswire. Innovega. 2019-07-25. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/innovega-gains-key-institutional-review-board-irb-approval-for-on-eye-testing-of-ioptik-contact-lens-for-augmented-and-virtual-reality-300890590.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  22. ↑ J. S. Fogt (2023-06-03). "Novel silicone elastomer contact lenses designed for simultaneous viewing of distance and near eye displays". Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, vol. 46, no. 4, 101870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2023.101870. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Innovega". Innovega. https://innovega.io/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Mojo Vision gets FDA breakthrough device status to develop smart contact lens". NS Medical Devices. 2020-01-17. https://www.nsmedicaldevices.com/company-news/mojo-vision-smart-lens/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ben Lang (2022-07-05). "Hands-on: Mojo Vision's Smart Contact Lens is Further Along Than You Might Think". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/mojo-vision-smart-contact-lens-ar-hands-on/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  26. ↑ David Heaney (2023-01-11). "Mojo Vision Is Ceasing Work On Its Smart Contact Lens". UploadVR. https://www.uploadvr.com/mojo-vision-contact-lens-dead/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  27. ↑ Scott Hayden (2025-09-09). "Mojo Vision Secures $75M Investment to Commercialize Micro-LED Displays for XR Glasses". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/mojo-vision-75-m-series-b-xr-micro-led-display/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "XPANCEO Unveiled Three New Smart Contact Lens Prototypes at MWC 2025". XPANCEO Newsroom. XPANCEO. 2025-03-03. https://www.xpanceo.com/newsroom/xpanceo-unveiled-three-new-smart-contact-lens-prototypes-at-mwc-2025. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  29. ↑ Skarredghost (2024-10-31). "XPANCEO smart contact lenses hands-on: AR prototypes from the future". The Ghost Howls. https://skarredghost.com/2024/10/31/xpanceo-smart-contact-lenses-hands-on/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  30. ↑ Scott Hayden (2025-07-09). "Smart Contact Maker Raises $250M Investment at a Whopping $1.35B Valuation". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/smart-contact-xpanceo-250m-investment-valuation/. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  31. ↑ "Innovega Provides Experimental Proof of Augmented and Virtual Reality Eyestrain Management Technology". PR Newswire. Innovega. 2019-09-11. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/innovega-provides-experimental-proof-of-augmented-and-virtual-reality-eyestrain-management-technology-300915466.html. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  32. ↑ J. H. Kim, S. Park, J. Ahn, J. Pyo, H. Kim, N. Kim, I. D. Jung, S. K. Seol (2022-11-28). "Meniscus-Guided Micro-Printing of Prussian Blue for Smart Electrochromic Display". Advanced Science, vol. 10, no. 3, e2205588. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202205588. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
  33. ↑ J. Ko, G. Kim, I. Kim, S. H. Hwang, S. Jeon, J. Ahn, Y. Jeong, J. H. Ha, H. Heo, J. H. Jeong, I. Park, J. Rho (2024-08-09). "Metasurface-Embedded Contact Lenses for Holographic Light Projection". Advanced Science, vol. 11, no. 38, e2407045. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202407045. Retrieved 2026-10-04.
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