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<noinclude>{{see also|Developer Resource}}</noinclude>This page serves as a starting point for new developers to find any resources they might need along their path to learning to make virtual reality experiences.
<noinclude>{{see also|Developer Resource}}</noinclude>
<includeonly>=</includeonly>==1. Learn about the hardware==<includeonly>=</includeonly>
This page serves as a comprehensive starting point for new developers to find resources needed for learning to create [[virtual reality]] experiences in 2024-2025.
Ask yourself: do you want to develop for a computer-driven headset like the Vive, or are you more interested in mobile applications such as GearVR or Google Cardboard? If you don't already own your hardware of choice, do some research and think about what would be best for both your target market and most practical to develop on. If your idea requires motion controls or high-end graphics, stick to computer-driven VR. A list of currently available hardware that is supported by Unity, Unreal, and VR web implementations:
<includeonly>=</includeonly>===PC VR===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
* '''[[HTC Vive]]''', $799 - motion controllers ship with product. iFixIt will show you [https://www.google.com/search?q=vive+ifixit&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 what it looks like] when you take it apart.
** [http://learn.vrdev.school/courses/vive-developer-mini VR Dev School's Vive Mini Course]
* '''[[Oculus Rift]]''', $599 - motion controllers won't be available until fall. iFixIt [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+CV1+Teardown/60612 has also autopsied a Rift].
**[https://developer.oculus.com/documentation/ Oculus Documentation Pages]
**[https://rifty-business.blogspot.com/ Oculus Rift in Action], a blog about designing for the Rift
* '''[[OSVR HDK2]]''' - $399
*'''[[Razer Hydra]]''', $599 - general-purpose wired motion tracking controller for PC


<includeonly>=</includeonly>===Mobile VR===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
==Introduction==
(can use a smartphone as an HMD)
* '''[[Gear VR]]''', $99
** [http://learn.vrdev.school/courses/gear-vr-developer-mini VR Dev School's Gear VR Mini Course for Unity]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpqBzYdxaow Fuseman's Introduction to Gear VR development in UE4]
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjDsNYvgfk E4 Developer Livestream: Up and Running with Gear VR]
* '''[[Google Cardboard]]''', available as cheap as free
* '''Google's [[Daydream View]]''' - $79


<includeonly>=</includeonly>===Web VR===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
For aspiring [[VR development|VR developers]] in 2024-2025, the barrier to entry has never been lower. You can start building VR experiences with completely free tools ([[Unity]] Personal, [[Unreal Engine]], or [[Godot]]), a $299 [[Meta Quest 3S]] headset, and free learning resources. The industry has consolidated around the '''[[OpenXR]]''' standard, meaning you can develop once and deploy to multiple VR platforms. Unity dominates VR development (68% of XR developers use it)<ref name="unity-dominance">https://erikralston.medium.com/getting-started-with-vr-development-in-2024-20d22f05d5b9 - Getting Started with VR Development in 2024</ref>, but [[Unreal Engine]] offers superior graphics for high-end experiences. [[Mobile VR]] (Google Cardboard, Gear VR) is completely dead—[[standalone VR]] headsets like Meta Quest have replaced it entirely.
(can use a smartphone as HMD)
* '''[[Mozilla A-Frame]]''' is a markup language (as are HTML and XML) for making cross-platform VR software. To see it in action, visit their site on your smartphone, turn off orientation lock, and press the VR button that appears.
* '''[[Vizor]]''' is a web app that allows you to construct 3D scenes and view them across numerous platforms, including from mobile devices. Although it isn't as powerful as a game engine or open-source web platform, it is very straightforward and a great way to start creating in VR without an expensive headset. The [http://blog.vizor.io/ Vizor blog] has several tutorial posts.
* '''[[Responsive WebVR]]''' is a cross-platform, web-based VR platform [https://github.com/borismus/webvr-boilerplate available for modification on GitHub]. You'll probably want to brush up on [[Three.js]].


<includeonly>=</includeonly>==2. Learn about the software==<includeonly>=</includeonly>
The VR development landscape in 2024-2025 is characterized by three major trends: [[OpenXR]] standardization enabling true cross-platform development, the dominance of Meta Quest in the consumer market (75% market share with 20+ million Quest 2 users), and the emergence of [[mixed reality]] features blurring the lines between VR and AR. Whether you're building games, training simulations, architectural visualizations, or social experiences, the tools and platforms available today make it possible to create professional VR content as an indie developer or small studio.
Designing for VR has a lot in common with designing traditional videogames, as they are both 3D interactive experiences. The difference between designing for VR and designing for traditional video games is that special considerations must be made for the nuanced experiences of presence and immersion, nonlinear storytelling, locomotion which reduces motion sickness, and graphical optimization.


Most VR developers opt to use a game engine (unless they're developing for WebVR, discussed below), and should decide which they want to work with early on. Two most popular are [[Unreal Engine 4]] (UE4) and [[Unity]]. Both of these engines are very capable and will become the tool that you rely on most in your development; both have very active communities with vast resources out there to help you. These are freely available software suites capable of managing 3D environments, importing custom assets (such as 3D models, imagery, sounds, video), and programming interactivity or gameplay. Most useful of all, there are an insane number of YouTube tutorials and online guides for both engines, both official and fan-created.
==1. Understanding Current VR Hardware==


There is no absolute agreement in the VR developer community that Unreal is a "better" engine than Unity, nor vise versa. However, they do have distinct personalities. UE4 is characterized as being more computationally optimized with greater visual fidelity but a steeper learning curve; on the contrary, Unity was designed to be powerful enough to drive commercial-quality games while remaining more intuitive and efficient for beginning designers. Unreal Engine 4 is free to download and use, but as a condition of use they will take 5% of your net revenue (above $3000) per quarter. Unity has multiple versions with different costs, but Unity Personal is free to use. If possible, it might be best to try both of these engines to see what suits you best, however it's hard to go wrong here, both offer a lot of value and are very capable.
The VR hardware market has matured significantly, with clear winners emerging in each category. '''Standalone VR headsets have become the primary development target''', combining ease of use with sufficient performance for most applications. [[PC VR]] remains relevant for high-end experiences, while [[mobile VR]] has been completely abandoned by major manufacturers.


Outside of game engines, you may opt to develop interactive VR webpages using [[Mozilla's A-Frame]] markup language, or by using JavaScript (hack around with [[Three.js]]!), HTML5, and/or WebGL in the vein of web experiments recently put out by [[Chrome]] and [[Mozilla]]. Developing for web has the convenience of using a smartphone as the display, so you won't need an expensive headset starting off. You also won't need to compile or package any code, and can easily share your creations with your friends who also own smartphones. If this sounds like a lot of work, maybe try the easy-as pie VR scene editor [[Vizor]], which allows you to design VR imagery on the computer and then view it from mobile.
===Standalone VR Headsets===


Once you've chosen an engine or web application, the next step is to get familiar with it. Learn the basics of whatever programming language your tools use -- whether it's [[C++]] and [[Blueprints Visual Scripting]](UE4), [[C#]] (Unity), or a custom markup language for web applications. If you're developing for Android, download [[Android Studio]] and try [https://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/index.html deploying a basic app]. For Cardboard and Unity, check out [[Google's SDK]].
====Meta Quest 3S====
'''[[Meta Quest 3S]]''' represents the best entry point for VR development in 2024-2025. Priced at '''$299 (128GB) or $399 (256GB)'''<ref name="quest3s-price">https://www.xrtoday.com/mixed-reality/meta-quest-3s-price-features-and-specs/ - Meta Quest 3S: Price, Features, and Specs</ref>, it offers the same [[Snapdragon XR2 Gen 2]] processor as its premium sibling while maintaining access to the full Quest ecosystem. With '''1832 x 1920 pixels per eye, 90Hz refresh rate (up to 120Hz)''', and full-color [[passthrough]] cameras for [[mixed reality]] development, it provides everything needed to learn VR development without breaking the bank. The device works both as a standalone headset and can connect to a PC via [[Quest Link]] for testing [[PCVR]] applications.


The [[Resources Directory]] has links and resources that you will find useful when trying to learn how to use an engine. It's best to follow through with some tutorials to get a feel for the engine, how to manipulate objects in space, and so on. Both Unity and Unreal offer built in VR support, so you can preview your creative works directly in VR!
====Meta Quest 3====
'''[[Meta Quest 3]]''' ($499 for 512GB) offers superior optics with [[pancake lenses]] and higher resolution ('''2064 x 2208 per eye''')<ref name="quest3-specs">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3 - Meta Quest 3 Wikipedia</ref> but uses the same processor, ensuring full compatibility between devices. This makes the Quest 3S ideal for beginners while the Quest 3 suits developers who want better visual fidelity for testing. Both headsets support [[hand tracking]], controller input, [[Unity]] and [[Unreal Engine]] development, and [[WebXR]]-enabled browsers.


<includeonly>=</includeonly>==3. Make or find art assets==<includeonly>=</includeonly>
====Pico 4 Ultra====
Now that you have an engine and headset, you'll need artwork, sound, 3D models, and animations to fill out your virtual world. You may find assets online that are free for reuse, rip assets from popular games (if you don't plan to sell your project), make your own from scratch, or modify existing assets to suit your needs. Remember that virtual realities demand visuals and audio that appear "real" when examined close-up from all sides, even if they are stylized or abstract.
'''[[Pico 4 Ultra]]''' (£529 in UK/EU, not available in US) offers an alternative with '''12GB RAM''' (more than Quest 3's 8GB), '''2160 x 2160 per eye''', and Wi-Fi 7 support<ref name="pico4ultra">https://www.techradar.com/computing/virtual-reality-augmented-reality/pico-4-ultra-vs-meta-quest-3-the-battle-of-the-best-mid-range-vr-headsets - Pico 4 Ultra vs Meta Quest 3</ref>. It works standalone or connects to PC via PICO Connect for [[SteamVR]] compatibility. The device supports [[OpenXR]], [[hand tracking]], and optional motion trackers for full-body tracking. However, geographic limitations make Meta Quest the safer choice for most developers.
<includeonly>=</includeonly>===3D models===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
The next thing that's needed for VR dev is '''3D models'''. There are two ways to go about this for a beginner.


The first (and easiest) option is to use openly available 3D models while you learn the other areas of VR development. The Unity and Unreal asset stores have easily available models that can be used for this purpose. There are some links below to other websites with openly available assets. This can be critical for the beginner VR dev, as it's very hard to learn so many things at once!
===PC VR Headsets===


The other option for 3D models is to learn how to make them yourself. Though this is the more difficult option, it's a good choice for the long term, as the time may come when you're making a more intermediate project and want to make your own assets and visual style. There are a few programs which are very useful for 3D modeling.
====HTC Vive Focus Vision====
'''[[HTC Vive Focus Vision]]''' ($999) bridges standalone and PC VR with a hybrid design, offering '''2448 x 2448 per eye (5K resolution), 120° FOV''', and built-in [[eye tracking]] with [[foveated rendering]]<ref name="vive-focus-vision">https://www.vive.com/us/product/vive-focus-vision/overview/ - VIVE Focus Vision</ref>. The device includes auto-[[IPD]] adjustment, hot-swappable batteries, and 26-point precision hand tracking, making it suitable for professional development and enterprise applications.


Even if you decide to find premade assets, you'll probably end up needing to tweak them in 3D modeling software so so that they're just right. Fortunately, there are plenty of resources available online. Professional design software is available at monthly subscription prices comparable to a MMORPG, and there are tutorials for just about every 3D modeling question freely available on YouTube ([https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaLAWpwSED-pfWkcKpxw8wQ click for example for YouTube resources]). Use the search function on every website you see! If you demand higher-quality education content, consider subscribing to [[PluralSight]]. Go through the various subreddits listed on the sidebar here and catch up on conversations in the different VR tech communities, and learn new tips and tricks.
====PlayStation VR2====
* '''3D Modelling and Sculpting:'''
'''[[PlayStation VR2]]''' ($549, plus $59 PC adapter) entered PC VR compatibility in August 2024, offering '''2000 x 2040 per eye on OLED displays''' with '''90Hz/120Hz refresh rates'''<ref name="psvr2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_VR2 - PlayStation VR2 Wikipedia</ref>. The device provides access to both PS5 exclusives and [[SteamVR]] libraries. However, PC functionality lacks several PS5 features: no eye tracking, [[HDR]], headset haptics, or adaptive triggers when used with PC<ref name="psvr2-pc">https://blog.playstation.com/2024/06/03/playstation-vr2-players-can-access-games-on-pc-with-adapter-starting-on-august-7/ - PlayStation VR2 PC Adapter Announcement</ref>. This makes it best suited for developers targeting both PlayStation and PC platforms simultaneously.
** '''[[Autodesk's Entertainment Creation Suite]]''' of software (including Maya, 3ds Max, Motionbuilder, and Mudbox with native export to Unity and UE4) is available to "students" free for three years -- no verification needed. This includes everything you need to make professional models, textures, animations, etc.
** '''[[Pixologic ZBrush]]''' (from $795, student discounts available) is a 3D sculpting application, which provides more creative flexibility than traditional modelling applications such as Maya or 3ds Max, and is known for its powerful handling of high-polygon and photorealistic models. The functionally-equivalent Autodesk software is Mudbox.
** '''[[Blender]]''' is an entirely free and open source 3D modelling, animation, and game design suite. It is very powerful with great flexibility, but has a much steeper learning curve than commercially-developed software.
** You can '''buy and download models and 3D scans''' at sites like [[Turbosquid]] and [[Sketchfab]].
** '''[[MODO Indie]]''' ($15/month or $300) is an 3D sculpting, painting, and animation tool that caters to game designers and hobbyist artists learning 3D.
** '''[[Speedtree]]''' ($19/month) is useful for designing procedurally-generated 3D models of trees, plants, and all sorts of branching structures. These can later be extracted with many options for use in photorealistic landscapes.


<includeonly>=</includeonly>===Photogrammetry (3D scanning)===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
====Valve Index====
Like VR, 3D photo scanning is another futuristic technology now available for dirt cheap, and with mobile solutions. 3D scanning using photos involves taking many photographs (usually upwards of thirty) of a real-life object from as many angles as possible. These photographs are then imported into software such as [[Agisoft Photoscan]] or one of Autodesk's many solutions (they keep buying up companies, it seems), which generate highly detailed meshes from these photographs. The meshes and their color/diffuse texture map can then be exported and used in a game engine as a regular asset. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmqlimC1ZP0 This YouTube video] competently demonstrates the entire process in ten minutes.
'''[[Valve Index]]''' ($999 full kit, $499 headset only) remains available but is not recommended for new purchases in 2025. Launched in 2019, its '''1440 x 1600 per eye''' resolution and $999 price point make it poor value compared to Quest 3, despite its industry-leading 130° FOV and excellent "Knuckles" controllers with finger tracking. A successor ("Deckard") is rumored for late 2025 but unconfirmed.
* '''Photogrammetry and 3D-scanning'''
** '''[[Agisoft Photoscan]]''' (from $179), a 3D scanning suite which uses DSLR photos as its source.
** '''Autodesk offers a few different photogrammetry solutions''', from the free mobile- and cloud-based [[123D Catch]] to desktop photogrammetry software [[Remake]] and [[Recap 360]]. [http://forums.autodesk.com/t5/remake-general-discussion/memento-recapphoto-differences/td-p/5653664 Here's a thread] which discusses the differences between Autodesk's various photogrammetry solutions.


<includeonly>=</includeonly>===Audio & Music===<includeonly>=</includeonly>
===Mobile VR Status===
Audio in VR doesn't need to be treated very differently from music and sound effects in movies or traditional games. Like with graphics, there is an emphasis on realism and quality. The most immersive audio in VR with be positionally spatialized depending upon the direction the player is facing respective to the sound source; Unity and UE4 must be configured for audio specialization to function correctly.
* Audio production
** '''[[Audacity]]''', although simple on the surface, is a powerful and reliable audio editor that is entirely free and open source.
** For '''royalty-free stock audio''', check out [http://freesound.org/ The Free Sound Project], the [http://www.sonniss.com/gameaudiogdc2016/ #GameAudioGDC Bundle], and the [[Oculus Audio Pack]].
** Check out Oculus's [https://developer.oculus.com/documentation/audiosdk/latest/concepts/audio-intro-spatialization/ introduction to audio spatialization] and the Oculus Connect talk [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAwFN9sFcso 3D Audio: Designing Sounds for VR]


<includeonly>=</includeonly>==4. Implement Interactivity==<includeonly>=</includeonly>
'''Mobile VR is completely dead as a development platform in 2024-2025.''' [[Google Cardboard]] viewers are no longer officially produced (discontinued March 2021)<ref name="cardboard-dead">https://www.slashgear.com/1624183/why-google-cardboard-vr-discontinued/ - Why Google Discontinued Cardboard VR</ref>, though third-party versions exist for $5-50. The SDK was open-sourced in November 2019 but receives no active development. Google states plainly: "we're no longer actively developing the Google VR SDK." [[Samsung Gear VR]] was discontinued in 2020, and [[Google Daydream View]] ended in October 2019.
After you've got a feel for the engine and have some artwork to use, the next hurdle is figuring out how you will add interactivity to your projects. I highly suggest first reading up about VR user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) principles -- otherwise your players might end up with achy eyes from poor stereoscopic rendering decisions, or even vomiting from motion sickness. Fortunately, these can be avoiding simply by avoiding locking text to the viewport, or by putting the player camera in a visible capsule (car, spacesuit, cockpit) during movement to reduce nausea. And if you plan to implement hand tracking, it's a good idea to focus on making everything as real as possible -- your research and prototyping will pay off with an impressive sense of presence.


'''VR UI/UX Resources'''
The mobile VR market has completely shifted to standalone headsets like Meta Quest and Pico, which offer superior [[6DoF]] tracking (versus mobile VR's [[3DoF]]), dedicated VR processors, and no phone requirement at comparable or lower prices. '''Do not develop for mobile VR platforms'''—invest in standalone VR instead.
* Google's own '''[[Cardboard Design Lab]]''' is perhaps the fastest introduction to this subject.
* Google Developers - '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qwh1LBzz3AU Google I/O 2015 Livefeed - Designing for virtual reality]'''
* '''[https://researchvr.podigee.io/ Research VR podcast]''', which covers the developing VR industry and cognitive science, emphasizing the relationship between intentional design and conscious experience.
* Leap Motion's '''[https://medium.com/@LeapMotion/vr-design-best-practices-bb889c2dc70#.3t64dp1lb VR Design Best Practices]''' article is full of thoughtful suggestions
* '''[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvlNUgZKmEd-Gul_Tdv8Uw Mitch's VR Lab]''', based on UE4, is a YouTube series many examples of UI programming and principles.
* Fuseman's '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYoqUomgTGU Introduction to VR UI in Unity]''' livestream tutorial, which explains concepts useful beyond Unity.
* '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyqgKZ7O-Sc&feature=share UE4 HTC Vive - How to interact with a menu using Motion controllers]''' on YouTube
* '''[[VR sickness]]'''


This requires some kind of scripting language. Unreal Engine 4 has an intuitive, flowchart-like scripting system called '''Blueprint Visual Scripting''', and if you're not yet comfortable programming, this may be useful for you to get started. Check [[here]] for a general introduction to Blueprints. Blueprints are powerful enough to do entire projects without having to write a line of code (though you'll be using many programming concepts). Otherwise, both Unreal and Unity have a native programming language. For Unreal, it's '''C++''', and for Unity, it's '''C#'''. Many people who are aspiring VR devs have little to no programming experience, so this step can be particularly daunting. We want to help you get past this hurdle also, so we'll be updating this wiki with resources that will teach you the fundamental programming concepts needed for VR dev.
===Mixed Reality Devices===


<includeonly>=</includeonly>==5. Some final tips==<includeonly>=</includeonly>
====Apple Vision Pro====
If you're a solo VR dev, remember, start small. There's time for more grandiose visions once you have a solid grasp of the fundamentals, so to begin with start with a project that you think is very simple. Even Pong has more to it than you would think at the first glance. Work at it step by step, once you have a few projects up your belt you'll be in a much better position to attack some more complex problems.<noinclude>[[Category:Guides]]</noinclude>
'''[[Apple Vision Pro]]''' ($3,499 for 256GB) represents the premium end of mixed reality, offering '''23 million total pixels, micro-OLED displays''', and best-in-class color passthrough quality<ref name="visionpro">https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/ - Apple Vision Pro</ref>. The device runs [[visionOS]] with native support for [[Swift]], [[SwiftUI]], [[RealityKit]], and [[ARKit]], plus Unity support and WebXR in Safari. The M2 + R1 chip combination provides exceptional performance with 12ms eye tracking latency.
 
However, the '''$3,499 price point severely limits developer adoption''', and Vision Pro does not support [[OpenXR]], requiring completely separate development from other VR platforms. Hand and eye tracking serve as primary input (no controllers), making it unsuitable for traditional VR games but excellent for enterprise applications, productivity tools, and spatial computing experiences.
 
===Recommended Hardware for Beginners===
 
'''Start with [[Meta Quest 3S]] ($299)''' for the optimal combination of price, capability, and ecosystem access. The device handles standalone VR development, connects to PC for testing PCVR builds, supports mixed reality features, and targets the largest VR user base. This single headset covers most development needs for beginners and indie developers.
 
==2. Game Engines and Development Software==
 
The [[game engine]] choice fundamentally shapes your VR development experience. All major engines support VR development in 2024-2025, but they differ significantly in learning curve, visual capabilities, and pricing models. '''Unity dominates the VR development landscape''', but Unreal Engine and Godot offer compelling alternatives for specific use cases.
 
===Unity: The VR Development Standard===
 
'''[[Unity]] 6''' (released October 17, 2024) represents the current Long Term Support release, supported through October 2026<ref name="unity6">https://investors.unity.com/news/news-details/2024/Unity-6-Will-Release-Globally-October-17-2024-Unity-Announces-at-Annual-Unite-Developer-Conference/ - Unity 6 Release Announcement</ref>. The engine offers the most comprehensive VR platform support and the largest ecosystem of VR-specific assets, tutorials, and community resources. Unity's licensing model changed significantly in 2024: '''Unity Personal is completely free''' for projects earning up to $200,000 annually (increased from $100,000), with no mandatory splash screen in Unity 6. Unity Pro costs $2,040/year per seat. The controversial runtime fee was cancelled in September 2024.
 
'''[[XR Interaction Toolkit]]''' (current version 3.0.8) provides Unity's high-level, component-based interaction system for VR and AR<ref name="xr-toolkit">https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/[email protected]/manual/index.html - XR Interaction Toolkit Documentation</ref>. The toolkit includes object hover, select, and grab interactions; haptic feedback; visual feedback with tint and line rendering; canvas UI interaction; teleportation and [[locomotion]] systems; hand tracking; eye gaze support; and poke interaction for mixed reality. The system works across Meta Quest, OpenXR-compatible devices, and [[Windows Mixed Reality]] platforms.
 
Unity's VR template includes teleportation, snap turn mechanics, grab interactions, VR menu systems, and input mapping preconfigured for rapid prototyping. The '''XR Device Simulator''' allows VR development without a physical headset, though testing on actual hardware remains essential. Unity supports [[Android XR]], Meta Quest, PlayStation VR2, Apple iOS and visionOS, and all OpenXR-powered headsets<ref name="unity-vr">https://unity.com/solutions/xr - Unity XR Solutions</ref>.
 
===Unreal Engine: High-Fidelity VR Graphics===
 
'''[[Unreal Engine]] 5.5''' (latest in late 2024) provides cutting-edge graphics capabilities that make it the preferred choice for AAA VR experiences and architectural visualization<ref name="ue5">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_5 - Unreal Engine 5 Wikipedia</ref>. The engine is '''completely free''' for game developers earning less than $1 million USD annually. Above that threshold, Epic Games charges a '''5% royalty on gross revenue''' (reduced to 3.5% if games launch simultaneously on Epic Games Store starting January 2025)<ref name="ue-royalty">https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/10/epic-games-to-cut-royalty-rate-on-unreal-engine-games/ - Epic Games Reduces Unreal Engine Royalty Fee</ref>. No royalty applies to sales made through Epic Games Store. Non-game uses (film, TV, architecture) require a $1,850/year seat-based subscription for companies making over $1 million annually.
 
'''[[Nanite]]''' and '''[[Lumen]]''' represent Unreal's technical advantages: Nanite provides virtualized geometry for highly detailed environments without traditional polygon count limitations, while Lumen delivers dynamic global illumination and reflections with real-time ray tracing. These features enable visual fidelity that exceeds what's achievable in Unity without extensive custom work. However, VR optimization remains crucial—mobile VR platforms may require disabling these features for performance.
 
The built-in '''VR Template''' includes teleportation locomotion, VR spectator Blueprint, common input actions for grabbing and attaching items, and compatibility with HTC Vive, Valve Index, Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest, Windows Mixed Reality, and PlayStation VR<ref name="ue-vr-template">https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/en-us/unreal-engine/vr-template-in-unreal-engine - VR Template in Unreal Engine</ref>. '''[[Blueprint Visual Scripting]]''' allows rapid prototyping without [[C++]] knowledge, making Unreal accessible to beginners despite its reputation for complexity.
 
'''For beginners, start with Blueprints''' rather than jumping into C++. Blueprint's node-based visual scripting removes coding barriers while teaching fundamental programming concepts. Transition to C++ later for performance-critical code once you understand VR development principles.
 
===Godot: Open-Source Alternative===
 
'''[[Godot]] 4.5''' (released September 15, 2025) offers a '''completely free and open-source''' VR development option with no strings attached. Licensed under MIT, Godot imposes zero royalties or revenue caps, making it ideal for developers who want full ownership without licensing concerns. The engine has gained significant traction in the VR space with comprehensive [[OpenXR]] support built directly into Godot 4.0 and later<ref name="godot-xr">https://godotengine.org/article/godot-xr-update-oct-2024/ - Godot XR Update October 2024</ref>.
 
Recent updates brought [[hand tracking]] via '''XRHandModifier3D node''' for cross-platform hand tracking (OpenXR and WebXR), face tracking with Unified Expressions standard support, body tracking using Humanoid Skeleton, composition layers for floating panels with sharp 2D content, scene discovery and spatial anchors for Meta Quest, enhanced [[foveated rendering]] via Variable Rate Shading, and WebXR improvements including hand tracking and MSAA.
 
Platform support includes Meta Quest (2, 3, Pro), Pico 4, HTC Focus 3 and XR Elite, Magic Leap 2, SteamVR headsets, and Qualcomm Spaces (Lynx R1). '''[[GDScript]]''', Godot's Python-like scripting language, offers a gentler learning curve than [[C Sharp|C#]] or C++, making it excellent for beginners. The engine also supports C# for developers familiar with that language (though not yet for web exports).
 
'''Godot suits indie developers and those philosophically aligned with open-source software''', but it lacks Unity's extensive asset store and Unreal's AAA graphics capabilities. For learning VR development principles without financial investment, Godot represents an excellent choice.
 
===WebXR: Browser-Based VR Development===
 
'''[[WebXR]] Device API''' achieved W3C Candidate Recommendation status on October 1, 2025, replacing the deprecated [[WebVR]] API that never achieved full standardization<ref name="webxr">https://www.w3.org/TR/webxr/ - WebXR Device API W3C Specification</ref>. WebXR provides a unified API for VR and AR experiences that run directly in web browsers without installation, working across desktop VR, mobile VR, and AR platforms. This enables instant access and easy sharing compared to native applications.
 
'''[[A-Frame]]''' (version 1.6.0 as of November 2024) offers the most accessible WebXR framework, using HTML-like markup for building 3D/VR experiences. Built on [[Three.js]] with Entity-Component-System architecture, A-Frame allows developers to create VR scenes with minimal JavaScript knowledge. The framework provides a large community, extensive component library, and excellent beginner-friendliness.
 
'''[[Babylon.js]]''' provides a powerful, TypeScript-native real-time 3D game engine with comprehensive WebXR support. The '''WebXR Experience Helper''' offers one-stop access to XR functionalities including gaze, teleportation, and AR features. Havok Physics engine integration and an online playground make Babylon.js ideal for developers comfortable with TypeScript who want production-ready capabilities<ref name="babylonjs">https://immersiveweb.dev/ - Immersive Web Developer Resources</ref>.
 
'''[[Three.js]]''' remains the most popular JavaScript 3D library with built-in WebXR support, offering lower-level control and maximum flexibility compared to higher-level frameworks. React developers can use '''React Three Fiber''', a React renderer for Three.js that enables building VR experiences using React components and modern hooks-based APIs.
 
Browser support spans Chrome, Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based), Firefox, and Safari (iOS) for AR<ref name="webxr-support">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API - WebXR Device API - MDN</ref>. WebXR enables cross-platform deployment without platform-specific SDKs, though performance and feature sets remain limited compared to native VR applications. Use WebXR for prototypes, web experiences, lightweight applications, or when instant accessibility matters more than maximum performance.
 
==3. Development Resources and Tools==
 
Building VR applications requires more than just a game engine. The modern VR development stack includes official SDKs for platform-specific features, 3D modeling software for asset creation, learning resources for skill development, and audio tools for spatial sound design.
 
===Official SDKs and Cross-Platform Standards===
 
====OpenXR====
'''[[OpenXR]]''' represents the most important development in VR platform interoperability. This royalty-free, open standard from the [[Khronos Group]] provides cross-platform API access to VR and AR devices, eliminating the need for platform-specific code<ref name="openxr">https://www.khronos.org/openxr/ - OpenXR Official Website</ref>. '''OpenXR 1.1''' (released April 15, 2024) consolidated widely-used extensions into the core specification, reducing fragmentation and simplifying advanced XR development<ref name="openxr11">https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-openxr-1.1-to-further-streamline-cross-platform-xr-development - OpenXR 1.1 Release</ref>.
 
Major platform support includes Meta Quest (full support since 2021, all new features delivered via OpenXR extensions)<ref name="meta-openxr">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/oculus-all-in-on-openxr-deprecates-proprietary-apis/ - Meta All In on OpenXR</ref>, Microsoft (Windows Mixed Reality, HoloLens 2), Valve SteamVR, HTC Vive, Pico (OpenXR 1.1 conformant announced 2024), Google Android XR (announced December 2024)<ref name="android-xr">https://www.khronos.org/news/permalink/android-xr-adopts-openxr - Android XR Adopts OpenXR</ref>, Varjo, NVIDIA CloudXR, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Spaces. '''Apple Vision Pro does not support OpenXR''', using proprietary visionOS APIs instead.
 
Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot all provide native OpenXR support through plugins or built-in systems. Developers targeting multiple VR platforms should prioritize OpenXR implementation over platform-specific SDKs whenever possible, adding platform-specific features only when necessary for functionality unavailable through OpenXR.
 
====Meta Quest SDK====
'''Meta Quest SDK''' (Meta XR Core SDK version 74+) provides the primary SDK for Quest development, with full OpenXR support now recommended<ref name="meta-sdk">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/start-building-meta-quest-3s-3-launch-spatial-sdk-2D-mixed-reality/ - Start Building with Meta Quest 3 and 3S</ref>. The SDK offers VR and mixed reality capabilities, Unity and Unreal Engine integration, and Meta Spatial SDK for Android-based development.
 
====SteamVR SDK====
'''SteamVR SDK''' (OpenVR) continues as the underlying API for SteamVR<ref name="steamvr">https://partner.steamgames.com/doc/features/steamvr - SteamVR Steamworks Documentation</ref>. The Unity plugin (version 2.8.0, updated January 17, 2024) provides SteamVR integration<ref name="steamvr-unity">https://valvesoftware.github.io/steamvr_unity_plugin/ - SteamVR Unity Plugin</ref>, though Valve has transitioned focus to OpenXR.
 
===Learning Resources for VR Development===
 
====Unity Learn====
'''Unity Learn''' provides the most comprehensive free VR learning pathway, with courses including "VR Development Pathway" and "Create with VR"<ref name="unity-learn">https://learn.unity.com/pathway/vr-development - Unity Learn VR Development Pathway</ref>. The XR Device Simulator enables VR development practice without owning a headset, though actual hardware testing remains essential for motion comfort and interaction validation.
 
====Udemy Courses====
For structured paid learning, '''Udemy''' offers several highly-rated VR development courses<ref name="udemy-vr">https://www.udemy.com/course/multiplayer-virtual-reality-vr-development-with-unity/ - Multiplayer Virtual Reality Development With Unity</ref>:
* "Multiplayer Virtual Reality (VR) Development With Unity" by Tevfik IRONHEAD (4.4/5 rating, 8,372 learners, updated August 2024) covers multiplayer VR with Oculus Quest, Unity XR Interaction Toolkit, and Photon PUN 2
* "Unity VR/XR Developer: Make Immersive VIRTUAL REALITY Games" by GameDev.tv includes mock headset support for development without VR hardware
* "The Ultimate Guide to VR with Unity: No Code Edition" by GameDevHQ offers VR development without programming requirements
 
====YouTube Channels====
'''YouTube channels''' provide free ongoing education<ref name="youtube-vr">https://videos.feedspot.com/virtual_reality_youtube_channels/ - 100 Virtual Reality YouTubers</ref>:
* '''Valem Tutorials''' (92.4K subscribers) focuses specifically on Unity VR development with Meta Quest and XR Interaction Toolkit
* '''Tyriel Wood - VR Tech''' (136K subscribers) offers high-production VR/AR hardware reviews and technical insights
* '''ThrillSeeker''' covers VR hardware, body tracking, and haptic technology
* '''SideQuest''' (20.4K subscribers) provides platform-specific tutorials for Quest development and SideQuest distribution
 
===3D Modeling Software for VR Asset Creation===
 
====Blender====
'''[[Blender]]''' (current version 4.5 LTS, released July 15, 2025) represents the best option for beginners and budget-conscious developers. The software is '''100% free and open-source''' under GNU GPL 3.0 license with zero limitations on commercial use<ref name="blender">https://www.blender.org/ - Blender Official Website</ref>. Blender provides complete 3D modeling, sculpting, rigging, animation, and rendering capabilities comparable to commercial alternatives. The software exports to all VR-compatible formats (FBX, OBJ, GLTF, USD/USDZ) and includes VR viewport support for designing in VR.
 
Recent versions added [[Geometry Nodes]] for procedural modeling, improved [[Cycles]] rendering, enhanced sculpting tools, and Python scripting support.
 
====Autodesk Maya====
'''[[Autodesk Maya|Maya]] 2025''' serves as the industry standard for AAA game character creation and animation. Pricing ranges from '''$1,785/year for annual subscription to $225/month''' for month-to-month access<ref name="maya-pricing">https://www.autodesk.com/products/maya/overview - Autodesk Maya Pricing</ref>. '''Maya Indie''' ($305/year) offers the full software for individuals and studios earning under $100,000 USD annually. Educational licenses provide free 1-year access for students and educators.
 
====Autodesk 3ds Max====
'''[[3ds Max]] 2025''' costs '''$1,620-$1,690/year''' for professional licenses, with '''3ds Max Indie at approximately $280/year''' for under $100,000 annual earnings. The Windows-only software excels at architectural visualization, environment design, and game asset creation with robust polygon, spline, and NURBS modeling.
 
====ZBrush====
'''[[ZBrush]] 2025''' (September 2024) transitioned to '''subscription-only pricing''' in 2024<ref name="zbrush">https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/09/maxon-releases-zbrush-2025/ - Maxon Releases ZBrush 2025</ref>. Current pricing is '''$49/month or $399/year'''<ref name="zbrush-pricing">https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush-plan-options - ZBrush Plan Options</ref>. The subscription includes both desktop (Windows, macOS) and iPad versions. ZBrush remains the industry leader for digital sculpting with 200+ brushes, multi-resolution mesh editing, ZModeler for hard surfaces, and Redshift CPU rendering included.
 
'''For beginners: Start with Blender exclusively.''' The free, full-featured software provides everything needed to learn 3D modeling for VR without financial investment.
 
===Asset Stores and Free Resources===
 
====Unity Asset Store====
'''Unity Asset Store''' offers the largest VR-specific asset collection, including physics-based interaction frameworks, VR templates, locomotion systems, and hand tracking solutions<ref name="unity-assets">https://assetstore.unity.com/popular-assets/vr-assets-and-tools - Unity Asset Store VR Assets</ref>. The free '''SteamVR Plugin''' (version 2.8.0, January 2024) maintained by Valve provides SteamVR integration. '''VRTK (Virtual Reality Toolkit)''' offers comprehensive VR development frameworks.
 
====Unreal Marketplace / Fab====
'''Unreal Marketplace''' transitioned to '''Fab''' platform in 2024, offering VR templates like Ultimate VR Template (UVRT) with physics, locomotion, climbing, and inventory systems<ref name="fab">https://www.unrealengine.com/marketplace/en-US/ - Unreal Engine Marketplace (now Fab)</ref>. The built-in VR Template in Unreal Engine provides comprehensive starting points free with the engine.
 
====Free 3D Model Platforms====
* '''[[Sketchfab]]''' hosts millions of 3D models with many free CC-licensed options, WebGL viewer, and VR-compatible formats
* '''[[TurboSquid]]''' offers 29,000+ free models among 1.5+ million total models<ref name="turbosquid">https://www.turbosquid.com/ - TurboSquid</ref>
* '''Poly Haven''' provides 100% free CC0 assets (HDRIs, textures, 3D models) in the public domain
* '''CGTrader''' mixes free and paid models with large VR/AR libraries
 
===Spatial Audio Tools===
 
====Steam Audio====
'''[[Steam Audio]]''' (version 4.6.0, released December 2024) provides the best free spatial audio solution for VR<ref name="steam-audio">https://valvesoftware.github.io/steam-audio/ - Steam Audio Official Documentation</ref>. Developed by Valve, the advanced spatial audio SDK uses physics-based sound propagation and [[HRTF]]-based binaural audio. Features include HRTF binaural rendering, physics-based sound propagation, occlusion and reverb simulation, low-latency audio for hundreds of sources, Ambisonics support, and baking for design-time optimization. The '''completely free and open-source''' SDK includes plugins for Unity, Unreal Engine, FMOD Studio, and Wwise (added in v4.6.0), plus native C++ API.
 
====FMOD Studio====
'''[[FMOD]] Studio''' by Firelight Technologies offers DAW-like workflow with timeline-based event system, real-time parameter control, adaptive music systems, 3D spatialization, and built-in event macros. The '''indie license is free''' for projects under revenue thresholds, with commercial licensing requiring contact with Firelight. FMOD's easier learning curve and intuitive interface make it ideal for indie developers and solo creators.
 
====Wwise====
'''[[Wwise]]''' by Audiokinetic represents the industry standard audio middleware used in AAA productions. The powerful Game Call system, Actor-Mixer hierarchies, advanced profiling tools, comprehensive sound propagation, and extensive documentation make it preferred for large productions. A '''free tier exists for indie developers''' under revenue limits, with commercial pricing available by contacting Audiokinetic.
 
'''For indie developers, start with Steam Audio (free) for spatial audio, adding FMOD (easier) or Wwise (more powerful) as projects grow in complexity.'''
 
==4. VR Development Best Practices==
 
Creating comfortable, intuitive VR experiences requires following established best practices that prevent [[motion sickness]], optimize performance, and design interactions that feel natural in 3D space.
 
===Performance Targets and Optimization===
 
'''VR applications must maintain 90 FPS minimum''' on target hardware to prevent motion sickness and ensure comfort<ref name="meta-performance">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/documentation/native/pc/dg-performance-guidelines/ - Meta VR Performance Guidelines</ref>. Meta Quest store qualification requires 90 FPS on recommended spec machines with an absolute minimum of 45 FPS on minimum spec machines. Frame time must stay at '''11.1 milliseconds or less''' for 90 FPS. PlayStation VR2 targets 90Hz or 120Hz refresh rates. PC VR headsets typically target 90Hz or higher.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Platform
! Target FPS
! Frame Time
! Notes
|-
| Meta Quest 2/3/3S
| 90 FPS (72 FPS minimum)
| 11.1ms
| 120Hz experimental on Quest 3
|-
| PlayStation VR2
| 90-120 FPS
| 8.3-11.1ms
| Both 90Hz and 120Hz modes
|-
| PC VR (Index, Vive)
| 90-144 FPS
| 6.9-11.1ms
| Varies by headset
|-
| Apple Vision Pro
| 90-100 FPS
| 10-11.1ms
| Adaptive refresh rate
|}
 
Optimization guidelines recommend limiting to '''500-1,000 draw calls per frame''' and maximum '''1-2 million triangles/vertices per frame'''. Use texture compression and mipmapping universally. Limit script execution to '''1-3ms per frame''' to avoid CPU bottlenecks. Identify whether bottlenecks are CPU or GPU-bound and optimize accordingly—CPU handles simulation logic, state management, and scene generation while GPU handles texture sampling and mesh shading.
 
For Unreal Engine VR, enable '''Mobile Multiview''' for standalone VR (Quest, Pico) and '''Instanced Stereo''' for PCVR. Enable '''Round Robin Occlusion (RRO)''' which alternates rendering between eyes for performance gains. Use '''forward shading''' instead of deferred rendering, and set '''MSAA to 4x''' for optimal quality/performance balance.
 
Unity VR optimization leverages '''Universal Render Pipeline (URP)''' which provides performance needed for mobile VR. The multi-threaded Data-Oriented Technology Stack (DOTS) enables advanced performance optimization for complex scenes.
 
===Motion Sickness Prevention===
 
[[VR sickness|VR motion sickness]] occurs primarily due to '''sensory conflict''': eyes perceive movement while the inner ear senses stillness<ref name="motion-sickness">https://vr.arvilab.com/blog/combating-vr-sickness-debunking-myths-and-learning-what-really-works - How to Avoid VR Motion Sickness</ref>. Additional causes include low frame rates below 90 FPS, high latency between head movement and display update (keep under 20 milliseconds), low resolution causing eye strain, and display flickering affected by refresh rate and luminance.
 
Prevention strategies combine technical requirements with thoughtful design:
* Maintain '''consistent 90 FPS minimum''' without exception
* Keep latency under 20ms between head movement and display update
* Implement '''Field of View (FOV) reduction''' during movement using vignette effects that darken peripheral vision during locomotion
* Offer both '''teleportation''' and '''continuous locomotion''' options when possible
* Avoid sharp visual patterns in peripheral vision
* Use the '''80/20 composition rule''': 80% darker colors, 20% bright colors to reduce visual stress
 
'''Teleportation locomotion''' eliminates motion sickness by removing continuous movement optical flow, though it introduces higher cognitive workload. '''Continuous/smooth locomotion''' feels more natural and performs better for speed and precision tasks but can induce sickness if implemented poorly. Static reference frames (virtual cockpit, virtual nose) provide mixed results depending on users.
 
===UI/UX Design for VR===
 
Meta's official VR design guidelines emphasize prototype early and test frequently—2D screen design differs radically from actual VR experience<ref name="meta-design">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/design/mr-design-guideline/ - Meta VR Design Guidelines</ref>. Use physical world metaphors to guide design; familiar objects don't require learning new interaction models. Support intuitive interactions where users can naturally grab objects and press buttons. Keep UI concise and unobstructive, avoiding coverage of the entire scene.
 
'''Angular scale measurement''' using dmm (1mm/1px at 1m distance) ensures consistent element sizing across varying distances. Safe area guidelines prevent title-text and key elements from being cut off by headset FOV limitations. Spatial design considerations require rethinking traditional UI patterns—no conventional anchor points like screen corners exist in VR.
 
===Interaction Design Patterns===
 
====Locomotion Systems====
'''Locomotion''' in 2024 shows a trend toward '''continuous/smooth locomotion replacing teleportation''' in commercial applications, though teleportation remains important for comfort-first scenarios:
* '''Teleportation''': Eliminates optical flow and motion sickness but adds cognitive workload. Use arc trajectory visualization to show destination. Best for exposure therapy, casual exploration, and comfort-first applications.
* '''Continuous locomotion''' via joystick: Provides natural feeling with optimal speed and precision, standard in many commercial games (Half-Life: Alyx, Skyrim VR)
* '''Snap turn''': Provides discrete rotation to avoid continuous turning discomfort, commonly paired with other locomotion
* '''Room-scale physical walking''': Offers maximum immersion limited by tracking space; use redirected walking techniques for larger virtual spaces
 
====Hand Tracking vs Controllers====
Meta Quest 2, 3, and Pro include hand and body tracking toggleable in Movement Tracking settings; switch between controllers and hands by clicking controllers together. HTC Vive Focus 3 requires enabling in Settings > Inputs with pinch gesture for selection. Valve Index controllers feature advanced capacitive sensors for '''finger tracking on controllers''', force sensors in grip for variable squeeze detection, and strap design allowing fully opening hands without dropping controllers.
 
'''Controllers remain dominant''' for precision tasks and gaming in 2024-2025, while '''hand tracking gains adoption''' for social VR, casual interactions, and accessibility. Many apps support both with seamless switching.
 
====Grab and Manipulation====
Patterns from Unity XR Interaction Toolkit include:
* '''Direct grab''': Using sphere trace from controller position
* '''Distance grab''': Using ray-based selection for distant objects
* '''Attach on grab''': Where objects snap to specific attachment points
* '''Physics-based throwing''': Combining velocity, trajectory, and release timing
 
==5. Programming Languages for VR Development==
 
Each game engine uses specific programming languages, and your language choice should align with your platform choice.
 
===C# for Unity VR Development===
 
Unity exclusively uses '''[[C Sharp|C#]]''' for scripting, making it the most important programming language for VR developers given Unity's 68% market share among XR developers. The official Unity Learn VR Development Pathway provides free, structured learning. Unity's Visual Scripting offers an alternative for non-programmers, enabling VR development without traditional coding.
 
The XR Plug-in Management system handles device support, while XR Interaction Toolkit provides high-level components. Unity's VR template includes teleport locomotion, snap turn mechanics, grab interactions, VR menu systems, and input mapping preconfigured.
 
===C++ and Blueprints for Unreal Engine VR===
 
Unreal Engine offers two development paths: '''[[Blueprint Visual Scripting]]''' and '''[[C++]]''' programming. '''For beginners, start with Blueprints exclusively.''' Blueprint's node-based visual scripting eliminates code barriers while providing immediate results, easier understanding of coding principles, full VR Template availability, and transition path to C++ after mastering concepts.
 
The VR Template in Blueprints includes VRPawn with locomotion logic, GrabComponent for interactions, teleport and snap turn implementations, and built-in OpenXR support compatible with Meta Quest, VIVE, Valve Index, and PSVR2.
 
'''C++ becomes necessary''' for AAA game development, better performance optimization, and full control over engine features, but carries a harder learning curve. Industry standard AAA projects use 10% Blueprints for gameplay logic and 90% C++ for performance-critical code. Indies can succeed with primarily Blueprint-based projects, adding C++ only when performance demands it.
 
===JavaScript/TypeScript for WebXR===
 
'''WebXR development''' uses standard web technologies: [[JavaScript]] or [[TypeScript]] with [[WebGL]]/WebGL2 rendering. TypeScript support requires installing types via npm and importing with proper declarations.
 
'''Framework selection''' depends on developer background:
* '''[[A-Frame]]''': HTML-based syntax for maximum accessibility, best for beginners
* '''[[Babylon.js]]''': TypeScript-native with excellent WebXR Experience Helper, ideal for TypeScript developers
* '''[[Three.js]]''': Most flexibility and control with the largest community but requires manual WebXR setup
* '''React-XR''': Built on react-three-fiber, offers React components with modern hooks-based API, perfect for React developers
 
WebXR requires HTTPS (secure context) but enables deployment across desktop and mobile without app installation, instant updates, and future-proof compatibility with new hardware automatically supported.
 
==6. Advanced Topics==
 
Beyond basic VR development, several advanced topics enable more sophisticated experiences.
 
===Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning===
 
[[Photogrammetry]] converts photographs into 3D models, enabling realistic VR environments from real-world locations, authentic asset textures, architectural visualization, digital twin creation for training, and cultural preservation in VR experiences.
 
====RealityScan====
'''RealityScan 2.0''' (rebranded from RealityCapture by Epic Games in 2024) offers professional-grade photogrammetry that's '''free for students, educators, and individuals/companies with annual gross revenue below $1 million USD'''<ref name="realityscan">https://www.realityscan.com/en-US/news/realityscan-20-new-release-brings-powerful-new-features-to-a-rebranded-realitycapture - RealityScan 2.0 Release</ref>. Features include AI-assisted background masking, visual quality inspection with heatmaps, aerial LiDAR and terrestrial data support, and orthographic projections for mapping.
 
====Polycam====
'''Polycam''' (iOS, Android, Web) provides accessible photogrammetry with LiDAR scanning support, Room Mode for floor plans, AI-based 360 capture, and seamless Unity/Unreal integration. '''Free plan''' includes 5 photogrammetry captures with up to 100 images each and 12+ export formats. '''Pro plan''' costs '''$17.99/month or $99.99/year'''.
 
====Meshroom====
'''Meshroom''' by AliceVision provides '''100% free and open-source''' photogrammetry with node-based workflow, Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo algorithms, real-time 3D model viewing, HDR image fusion, panorama support, and plugins for Gaussian Splatting and NeRF. Requires Nvidia GPU with CUDA support recommended.
 
===Cross-Platform VR Development with OpenXR===
 
Developing for multiple VR platforms simultaneously maximizes audience reach. '''OpenXR provides the foundation for cross-platform VR''', enabling single codebase deployment to Meta Quest, SteamVR, Pico, Windows Mixed Reality, HTC Vive, and most modern headsets. '''Apple Vision Pro remains the notable exception''', requiring completely separate development using visionOS, Swift, and proprietary APIs.
 
'''Unity with XR Interaction Toolkit''' represents the most popular cross-platform approach (68% of XR developers use Unity). The framework provides unified VR/AR interactions across Quest, PSVR2, SteamVR, Pico, Windows MR, iOS, and Android. Native OpenXR plugin support enables single codebase building to 25+ platforms.
 
====Cross-Platform Challenges====
* '''Performance differences''' between Quest (mobile), PC VR, and PSVR2 require quality settings/LOD systems, adaptive rendering based on device capabilities, and separate optimization passes per platform
* '''Input differences''' across controllers, hand tracking, and eye tracking require using OpenXR's unified action system and abstracting input into gameplay actions
* '''Platform-specific features''' like passthrough MR (Quest/Pico) and eye tracking (PSVR2/Varjo) require designing core experiences that work everywhere while adding platform enhancements as optional features
* '''Store requirements''' vary significantly between platforms
 
===Publishing Platforms and Distribution===
 
====Meta Quest Store====
'''Meta Quest Store''' provides access to the largest VR user base (20+ million Quest 2 users, growing with Quest 3 and 3S)<ref name="quest-store">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/resources/publish-upload-overview/ - Meta Quest Publishing Overview</ref>. Submission process requires creating developer account, enabling Developer Mode on Quest, building and packaging app meeting Quest requirements, uploading via Meta Quest Developer Hub, passing Virtual Reality Check (VRC) guidelines, and waiting 1-5 days for review with 30-day waiting period for first titles.
 
Requirements include proper controller support, correct application manifest, correctly signed APK, 72 Hz minimum performance (90 Hz recommended), secure keystore file management, VRC compliance, and high-quality branded assets. '''App Lab apps merged into main Meta Horizon Store''' as of August 2024.
 
====SideQuest====
'''[[SideQuest]]''' serves as third-party discovery platform and official App Lab discovery channel. Less rigorous approval than main Quest Store enables experimental content distribution. 24 indie games launched from SideQuest to official Meta Store in 2023, demonstrating it as proving ground for developers.
 
====Steam VR====
'''Steam VR''' offers open PC VR publishing with $100 app deposit fee (recoupable after $1,000 gross revenue), support for Vive, Index, Rift, Windows MR, and Quest via Link, and 30% revenue share (decreasing to 25% after $10M, 20% after $50M)<ref name="steam">https://partner.steamgames.com/steamdirect - Steam Direct</ref>. No mandatory quality bar makes it more open than Quest Store.
 
====Pico Store====
'''Pico Store''' provides active and growing distribution with global presence, developer support through Unity and Unreal SDKs, and OpenXR 1.1 conformance announced 2024. Strong market focus in China and Europe.
 
====PlayStation VR2====
'''PlayStation VR2''' publishing remains challenging for indie developers, requiring Sony partnership rather than self-service like Quest or Steam. Best suited for established studios with existing portfolios or publisher relationships.
 
'''Distribution strategy recommendation: Release on Quest first (largest audience), simultaneous Steam release for PC VR players, Pico for international reach, PSVR2 only if budget allows higher production values.'''
 
==7. Getting Started: Your First VR Project==
 
The path to VR development starts with choosing your technology stack based on your goals, budget, and existing skills. '''For most beginners, the recommended stack is Meta Quest 3S ($299) + Unity with C# + free learning resources + Blender for 3D assets'''. This combination minimizes cost while targeting the largest VR user base and leveraging the most extensive learning resources.
 
Install Unity Hub and Unity 6, create a new project using the VR template, install XR Interaction Toolkit via Package Manager, configure your Quest 3S in Developer Mode, and connect to test builds. Follow Unity Learn's VR Development Pathway for structured education. Supplement with Valem Tutorials on YouTube for practical examples. Use XR Device Simulator when headset isn't available, but test frequently on actual hardware.
 
===Alternative Paths===
* '''Unreal Engine with Blueprints''' for superior graphics (ideal for architectural visualization)
* '''Godot''' for completely free open-source development with no licensing concerns
* '''WebXR with A-Frame/Babylon.js''' for browser-based VR accessible without installation
 
===First Project Checklist===
Focus first on:
* Maintaining 90 FPS minimum
* Implementing both teleportation and continuous locomotion with comfort options
* Designing UI that doesn't obstruct view
* Testing interaction distances and reach in VR
* Implementing hand presence with clear visual feedback
 
Motion comfort should never be compromised—always prioritize user comfort over ambitious features.
 
===Community Resources===
Join VR development communities on Reddit (r/virtualreality, r/Unity3D, r/unrealengine, r/oculus), Discord servers for specific engines and tools, and official forums from Meta, Unity, and Unreal. The VR development community actively helps beginners, and sharing early prototypes yields valuable feedback.
 
'''The most important step is starting.''' Download Unity or Unreal today, follow the official VR template tutorials, and build something simple—a room with grabbable objects, a teleportation system, or a simple VR experience. Learning VR development requires experiencing VR development.
 
==References==
<references>
<ref name="unity-dominance">https://erikralston.medium.com/getting-started-with-vr-development-in-2024-20d22f05d5b9 - Getting Started with VR Development in 2024</ref>
<ref name="quest3s-price">https://www.xrtoday.com/mixed-reality/meta-quest-3s-price-features-and-specs/ - Meta Quest 3S: Price, Features, and Specs</ref>
<ref name="quest3-specs">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3 - Meta Quest 3 Wikipedia</ref>
<ref name="pico4ultra">https://www.techradar.com/computing/virtual-reality-augmented-reality/pico-4-ultra-vs-meta-quest-3-the-battle-of-the-best-mid-range-vr-headsets - Pico 4 Ultra vs Meta Quest 3</ref>
<ref name="vive-focus-vision">https://www.vive.com/us/product/vive-focus-vision/overview/ - VIVE Focus Vision</ref>
<ref name="psvr2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_VR2 - PlayStation VR2 Wikipedia</ref>
<ref name="psvr2-pc">https://blog.playstation.com/2024/06/03/playstation-vr2-players-can-access-games-on-pc-with-adapter-starting-on-august-7/ - PlayStation VR2 PC Adapter Announcement</ref>
<ref name="cardboard-dead">https://www.slashgear.com/1624183/why-google-cardboard-vr-discontinued/ - Why Google Discontinued Cardboard VR</ref>
<ref name="visionpro">https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/ - Apple Vision Pro</ref>
<ref name="unity6">https://investors.unity.com/news/news-details/2024/Unity-6-Will-Release-Globally-October-17-2024-Unity-Announces-at-Annual-Unite-Developer-Conference/ - Unity 6 Release Announcement</ref>
<ref name="xr-toolkit">https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/[email protected]/manual/index.html - XR Interaction Toolkit Documentation</ref>
<ref name="unity-vr">https://unity.com/solutions/xr - Unity XR Solutions</ref>
<ref name="ue5">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_5 - Unreal Engine 5 Wikipedia</ref>
<ref name="ue-royalty">https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/10/epic-games-to-cut-royalty-rate-on-unreal-engine-games/ - Epic Games Reduces Unreal Engine Royalty Fee</ref>
<ref name="ue-vr-template">https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/en-us/unreal-engine/vr-template-in-unreal-engine - VR Template in Unreal Engine</ref>
<ref name="godot-xr">https://godotengine.org/article/godot-xr-update-oct-2024/ - Godot XR Update October 2024</ref>
<ref name="webxr">https://www.w3.org/TR/webxr/ - WebXR Device API W3C Specification</ref>
<ref name="babylonjs">https://immersiveweb.dev/ - Immersive Web Developer Resources</ref>
<ref name="webxr-support">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API - WebXR Device API - MDN</ref>
<ref name="openxr">https://www.khronos.org/openxr/ - OpenXR Official Website</ref>
<ref name="openxr11">https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-openxr-1.1-to-further-streamline-cross-platform-xr-development - OpenXR 1.1 Release</ref>
<ref name="meta-openxr">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/oculus-all-in-on-openxr-deprecates-proprietary-apis/ - Meta All In on OpenXR</ref>
<ref name="android-xr">https://www.khronos.org/news/permalink/android-xr-adopts-openxr - Android XR Adopts OpenXR</ref>
<ref name="meta-sdk">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/start-building-meta-quest-3s-3-launch-spatial-sdk-2D-mixed-reality/ - Start Building with Meta Quest 3 and 3S</ref>
<ref name="steamvr">https://partner.steamgames.com/doc/features/steamvr - SteamVR Steamworks Documentation</ref>
<ref name="steamvr-unity">https://valvesoftware.github.io/steamvr_unity_plugin/ - SteamVR Unity Plugin</ref>
<ref name="unity-learn">https://learn.unity.com/pathway/vr-development - Unity Learn VR Development Pathway</ref>
<ref name="udemy-vr">https://www.udemy.com/course/multiplayer-virtual-reality-vr-development-with-unity/ - Multiplayer Virtual Reality Development With Unity</ref>
<ref name="youtube-vr">https://videos.feedspot.com/virtual_reality_youtube_channels/ - 100 Virtual Reality YouTubers</ref>
<ref name="blender">https://www.blender.org/ - Blender Official Website</ref>
<ref name="maya-pricing">https://www.autodesk.com/products/maya/overview - Autodesk Maya Pricing</ref>
<ref name="zbrush">https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/09/maxon-releases-zbrush-2025/ - Maxon Releases ZBrush 2025</ref>
<ref name="zbrush-pricing">https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush-plan-options - ZBrush Plan Options</ref>
<ref name="unity-assets">https://assetstore.unity.com/popular-assets/vr-assets-and-tools - Unity Asset Store VR Assets</ref>
<ref name="fab">https://www.unrealengine.com/marketplace/en-US/ - Unreal Engine Marketplace (now Fab)</ref>
<ref name="turbosquid">https://www.turbosquid.com/ - TurboSquid</ref>
<ref name="steam-audio">https://valvesoftware.github.io/steam-audio/ - Steam Audio Official Documentation</ref>
<ref name="meta-performance">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/documentation/native/pc/dg-performance-guidelines/ - Meta VR Performance Guidelines</ref>
<ref name="motion-sickness">https://vr.arvilab.com/blog/combating-vr-sickness-debunking-myths-and-learning-what-really-works - How to Avoid VR Motion Sickness</ref>
<ref name="meta-design">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/design/mr-design-guideline/ - Meta VR Design Guidelines</ref>
<ref name="realityscan">https://www.realityscan.com/en-US/news/realityscan-20-new-release-brings-powerful-new-features-to-a-rebranded-realitycapture - RealityScan 2.0 Release</ref>
<ref name="quest-store">https://developers.meta.com/horizon/resources/publish-upload-overview/ - Meta Quest Publishing Overview</ref>
<ref name="steam">https://partner.steamgames.com/steamdirect - Steam Direct</ref>
</references>
 
<noinclude>[[Category:Guides]]</noinclude>

Revision as of 18:42, 13 October 2025

See also: Developer Resource

This page serves as a comprehensive starting point for new developers to find resources needed for learning to create virtual reality experiences in 2024-2025.

Introduction

For aspiring VR developers in 2024-2025, the barrier to entry has never been lower. You can start building VR experiences with completely free tools (Unity Personal, Unreal Engine, or Godot), a $299 Meta Quest 3S headset, and free learning resources. The industry has consolidated around the OpenXR standard, meaning you can develop once and deploy to multiple VR platforms. Unity dominates VR development (68% of XR developers use it)[1], but Unreal Engine offers superior graphics for high-end experiences. Mobile VR (Google Cardboard, Gear VR) is completely dead—standalone VR headsets like Meta Quest have replaced it entirely.

The VR development landscape in 2024-2025 is characterized by three major trends: OpenXR standardization enabling true cross-platform development, the dominance of Meta Quest in the consumer market (75% market share with 20+ million Quest 2 users), and the emergence of mixed reality features blurring the lines between VR and AR. Whether you're building games, training simulations, architectural visualizations, or social experiences, the tools and platforms available today make it possible to create professional VR content as an indie developer or small studio.

1. Understanding Current VR Hardware

The VR hardware market has matured significantly, with clear winners emerging in each category. Standalone VR headsets have become the primary development target, combining ease of use with sufficient performance for most applications. PC VR remains relevant for high-end experiences, while mobile VR has been completely abandoned by major manufacturers.

Standalone VR Headsets

Meta Quest 3S

Meta Quest 3S represents the best entry point for VR development in 2024-2025. Priced at $299 (128GB) or $399 (256GB)[2], it offers the same Snapdragon XR2 Gen 2 processor as its premium sibling while maintaining access to the full Quest ecosystem. With 1832 x 1920 pixels per eye, 90Hz refresh rate (up to 120Hz), and full-color passthrough cameras for mixed reality development, it provides everything needed to learn VR development without breaking the bank. The device works both as a standalone headset and can connect to a PC via Quest Link for testing PCVR applications.

Meta Quest 3

Meta Quest 3 ($499 for 512GB) offers superior optics with pancake lenses and higher resolution (2064 x 2208 per eye)[3] but uses the same processor, ensuring full compatibility between devices. This makes the Quest 3S ideal for beginners while the Quest 3 suits developers who want better visual fidelity for testing. Both headsets support hand tracking, controller input, Unity and Unreal Engine development, and WebXR-enabled browsers.

Pico 4 Ultra

Pico 4 Ultra (£529 in UK/EU, not available in US) offers an alternative with 12GB RAM (more than Quest 3's 8GB), 2160 x 2160 per eye, and Wi-Fi 7 support[4]. It works standalone or connects to PC via PICO Connect for SteamVR compatibility. The device supports OpenXR, hand tracking, and optional motion trackers for full-body tracking. However, geographic limitations make Meta Quest the safer choice for most developers.

PC VR Headsets

HTC Vive Focus Vision

HTC Vive Focus Vision ($999) bridges standalone and PC VR with a hybrid design, offering 2448 x 2448 per eye (5K resolution), 120° FOV, and built-in eye tracking with foveated rendering[5]. The device includes auto-IPD adjustment, hot-swappable batteries, and 26-point precision hand tracking, making it suitable for professional development and enterprise applications.

PlayStation VR2

PlayStation VR2 ($549, plus $59 PC adapter) entered PC VR compatibility in August 2024, offering 2000 x 2040 per eye on OLED displays with 90Hz/120Hz refresh rates[6]. The device provides access to both PS5 exclusives and SteamVR libraries. However, PC functionality lacks several PS5 features: no eye tracking, HDR, headset haptics, or adaptive triggers when used with PC[7]. This makes it best suited for developers targeting both PlayStation and PC platforms simultaneously.

Valve Index

Valve Index ($999 full kit, $499 headset only) remains available but is not recommended for new purchases in 2025. Launched in 2019, its 1440 x 1600 per eye resolution and $999 price point make it poor value compared to Quest 3, despite its industry-leading 130° FOV and excellent "Knuckles" controllers with finger tracking. A successor ("Deckard") is rumored for late 2025 but unconfirmed.

Mobile VR Status

Mobile VR is completely dead as a development platform in 2024-2025. Google Cardboard viewers are no longer officially produced (discontinued March 2021)[8], though third-party versions exist for $5-50. The SDK was open-sourced in November 2019 but receives no active development. Google states plainly: "we're no longer actively developing the Google VR SDK." Samsung Gear VR was discontinued in 2020, and Google Daydream View ended in October 2019.

The mobile VR market has completely shifted to standalone headsets like Meta Quest and Pico, which offer superior 6DoF tracking (versus mobile VR's 3DoF), dedicated VR processors, and no phone requirement at comparable or lower prices. Do not develop for mobile VR platforms—invest in standalone VR instead.

Mixed Reality Devices

Apple Vision Pro

Apple Vision Pro ($3,499 for 256GB) represents the premium end of mixed reality, offering 23 million total pixels, micro-OLED displays, and best-in-class color passthrough quality[9]. The device runs visionOS with native support for Swift, SwiftUI, RealityKit, and ARKit, plus Unity support and WebXR in Safari. The M2 + R1 chip combination provides exceptional performance with 12ms eye tracking latency.

However, the $3,499 price point severely limits developer adoption, and Vision Pro does not support OpenXR, requiring completely separate development from other VR platforms. Hand and eye tracking serve as primary input (no controllers), making it unsuitable for traditional VR games but excellent for enterprise applications, productivity tools, and spatial computing experiences.

Recommended Hardware for Beginners

Start with Meta Quest 3S ($299) for the optimal combination of price, capability, and ecosystem access. The device handles standalone VR development, connects to PC for testing PCVR builds, supports mixed reality features, and targets the largest VR user base. This single headset covers most development needs for beginners and indie developers.

2. Game Engines and Development Software

The game engine choice fundamentally shapes your VR development experience. All major engines support VR development in 2024-2025, but they differ significantly in learning curve, visual capabilities, and pricing models. Unity dominates the VR development landscape, but Unreal Engine and Godot offer compelling alternatives for specific use cases.

Unity: The VR Development Standard

Unity 6 (released October 17, 2024) represents the current Long Term Support release, supported through October 2026[10]. The engine offers the most comprehensive VR platform support and the largest ecosystem of VR-specific assets, tutorials, and community resources. Unity's licensing model changed significantly in 2024: Unity Personal is completely free for projects earning up to $200,000 annually (increased from $100,000), with no mandatory splash screen in Unity 6. Unity Pro costs $2,040/year per seat. The controversial runtime fee was cancelled in September 2024.

XR Interaction Toolkit (current version 3.0.8) provides Unity's high-level, component-based interaction system for VR and AR[11]. The toolkit includes object hover, select, and grab interactions; haptic feedback; visual feedback with tint and line rendering; canvas UI interaction; teleportation and locomotion systems; hand tracking; eye gaze support; and poke interaction for mixed reality. The system works across Meta Quest, OpenXR-compatible devices, and Windows Mixed Reality platforms.

Unity's VR template includes teleportation, snap turn mechanics, grab interactions, VR menu systems, and input mapping preconfigured for rapid prototyping. The XR Device Simulator allows VR development without a physical headset, though testing on actual hardware remains essential. Unity supports Android XR, Meta Quest, PlayStation VR2, Apple iOS and visionOS, and all OpenXR-powered headsets[12].

Unreal Engine: High-Fidelity VR Graphics

Unreal Engine 5.5 (latest in late 2024) provides cutting-edge graphics capabilities that make it the preferred choice for AAA VR experiences and architectural visualization[13]. The engine is completely free for game developers earning less than $1 million USD annually. Above that threshold, Epic Games charges a 5% royalty on gross revenue (reduced to 3.5% if games launch simultaneously on Epic Games Store starting January 2025)[14]. No royalty applies to sales made through Epic Games Store. Non-game uses (film, TV, architecture) require a $1,850/year seat-based subscription for companies making over $1 million annually.

Nanite and Lumen represent Unreal's technical advantages: Nanite provides virtualized geometry for highly detailed environments without traditional polygon count limitations, while Lumen delivers dynamic global illumination and reflections with real-time ray tracing. These features enable visual fidelity that exceeds what's achievable in Unity without extensive custom work. However, VR optimization remains crucial—mobile VR platforms may require disabling these features for performance.

The built-in VR Template includes teleportation locomotion, VR spectator Blueprint, common input actions for grabbing and attaching items, and compatibility with HTC Vive, Valve Index, Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest, Windows Mixed Reality, and PlayStation VR[15]. Blueprint Visual Scripting allows rapid prototyping without C++ knowledge, making Unreal accessible to beginners despite its reputation for complexity.

For beginners, start with Blueprints rather than jumping into C++. Blueprint's node-based visual scripting removes coding barriers while teaching fundamental programming concepts. Transition to C++ later for performance-critical code once you understand VR development principles.

Godot: Open-Source Alternative

Godot 4.5 (released September 15, 2025) offers a completely free and open-source VR development option with no strings attached. Licensed under MIT, Godot imposes zero royalties or revenue caps, making it ideal for developers who want full ownership without licensing concerns. The engine has gained significant traction in the VR space with comprehensive OpenXR support built directly into Godot 4.0 and later[16].

Recent updates brought hand tracking via XRHandModifier3D node for cross-platform hand tracking (OpenXR and WebXR), face tracking with Unified Expressions standard support, body tracking using Humanoid Skeleton, composition layers for floating panels with sharp 2D content, scene discovery and spatial anchors for Meta Quest, enhanced foveated rendering via Variable Rate Shading, and WebXR improvements including hand tracking and MSAA.

Platform support includes Meta Quest (2, 3, Pro), Pico 4, HTC Focus 3 and XR Elite, Magic Leap 2, SteamVR headsets, and Qualcomm Spaces (Lynx R1). GDScript, Godot's Python-like scripting language, offers a gentler learning curve than C# or C++, making it excellent for beginners. The engine also supports C# for developers familiar with that language (though not yet for web exports).

Godot suits indie developers and those philosophically aligned with open-source software, but it lacks Unity's extensive asset store and Unreal's AAA graphics capabilities. For learning VR development principles without financial investment, Godot represents an excellent choice.

WebXR: Browser-Based VR Development

WebXR Device API achieved W3C Candidate Recommendation status on October 1, 2025, replacing the deprecated WebVR API that never achieved full standardization[17]. WebXR provides a unified API for VR and AR experiences that run directly in web browsers without installation, working across desktop VR, mobile VR, and AR platforms. This enables instant access and easy sharing compared to native applications.

A-Frame (version 1.6.0 as of November 2024) offers the most accessible WebXR framework, using HTML-like markup for building 3D/VR experiences. Built on Three.js with Entity-Component-System architecture, A-Frame allows developers to create VR scenes with minimal JavaScript knowledge. The framework provides a large community, extensive component library, and excellent beginner-friendliness.

Babylon.js provides a powerful, TypeScript-native real-time 3D game engine with comprehensive WebXR support. The WebXR Experience Helper offers one-stop access to XR functionalities including gaze, teleportation, and AR features. Havok Physics engine integration and an online playground make Babylon.js ideal for developers comfortable with TypeScript who want production-ready capabilities[18].

Three.js remains the most popular JavaScript 3D library with built-in WebXR support, offering lower-level control and maximum flexibility compared to higher-level frameworks. React developers can use React Three Fiber, a React renderer for Three.js that enables building VR experiences using React components and modern hooks-based APIs.

Browser support spans Chrome, Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based), Firefox, and Safari (iOS) for AR[19]. WebXR enables cross-platform deployment without platform-specific SDKs, though performance and feature sets remain limited compared to native VR applications. Use WebXR for prototypes, web experiences, lightweight applications, or when instant accessibility matters more than maximum performance.

3. Development Resources and Tools

Building VR applications requires more than just a game engine. The modern VR development stack includes official SDKs for platform-specific features, 3D modeling software for asset creation, learning resources for skill development, and audio tools for spatial sound design.

Official SDKs and Cross-Platform Standards

OpenXR

OpenXR represents the most important development in VR platform interoperability. This royalty-free, open standard from the Khronos Group provides cross-platform API access to VR and AR devices, eliminating the need for platform-specific code[20]. OpenXR 1.1 (released April 15, 2024) consolidated widely-used extensions into the core specification, reducing fragmentation and simplifying advanced XR development[21].

Major platform support includes Meta Quest (full support since 2021, all new features delivered via OpenXR extensions)[22], Microsoft (Windows Mixed Reality, HoloLens 2), Valve SteamVR, HTC Vive, Pico (OpenXR 1.1 conformant announced 2024), Google Android XR (announced December 2024)[23], Varjo, NVIDIA CloudXR, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Spaces. Apple Vision Pro does not support OpenXR, using proprietary visionOS APIs instead.

Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot all provide native OpenXR support through plugins or built-in systems. Developers targeting multiple VR platforms should prioritize OpenXR implementation over platform-specific SDKs whenever possible, adding platform-specific features only when necessary for functionality unavailable through OpenXR.

Meta Quest SDK

Meta Quest SDK (Meta XR Core SDK version 74+) provides the primary SDK for Quest development, with full OpenXR support now recommended[24]. The SDK offers VR and mixed reality capabilities, Unity and Unreal Engine integration, and Meta Spatial SDK for Android-based development.

SteamVR SDK

SteamVR SDK (OpenVR) continues as the underlying API for SteamVR[25]. The Unity plugin (version 2.8.0, updated January 17, 2024) provides SteamVR integration[26], though Valve has transitioned focus to OpenXR.

Learning Resources for VR Development

Unity Learn

Unity Learn provides the most comprehensive free VR learning pathway, with courses including "VR Development Pathway" and "Create with VR"[27]. The XR Device Simulator enables VR development practice without owning a headset, though actual hardware testing remains essential for motion comfort and interaction validation.

Udemy Courses

For structured paid learning, Udemy offers several highly-rated VR development courses[28]:

  • "Multiplayer Virtual Reality (VR) Development With Unity" by Tevfik IRONHEAD (4.4/5 rating, 8,372 learners, updated August 2024) covers multiplayer VR with Oculus Quest, Unity XR Interaction Toolkit, and Photon PUN 2
  • "Unity VR/XR Developer: Make Immersive VIRTUAL REALITY Games" by GameDev.tv includes mock headset support for development without VR hardware
  • "The Ultimate Guide to VR with Unity: No Code Edition" by GameDevHQ offers VR development without programming requirements

YouTube Channels

YouTube channels provide free ongoing education[29]:

  • Valem Tutorials (92.4K subscribers) focuses specifically on Unity VR development with Meta Quest and XR Interaction Toolkit
  • Tyriel Wood - VR Tech (136K subscribers) offers high-production VR/AR hardware reviews and technical insights
  • ThrillSeeker covers VR hardware, body tracking, and haptic technology
  • SideQuest (20.4K subscribers) provides platform-specific tutorials for Quest development and SideQuest distribution

3D Modeling Software for VR Asset Creation

Blender

Blender (current version 4.5 LTS, released July 15, 2025) represents the best option for beginners and budget-conscious developers. The software is 100% free and open-source under GNU GPL 3.0 license with zero limitations on commercial use[30]. Blender provides complete 3D modeling, sculpting, rigging, animation, and rendering capabilities comparable to commercial alternatives. The software exports to all VR-compatible formats (FBX, OBJ, GLTF, USD/USDZ) and includes VR viewport support for designing in VR.

Recent versions added Geometry Nodes for procedural modeling, improved Cycles rendering, enhanced sculpting tools, and Python scripting support.

Autodesk Maya

Maya 2025 serves as the industry standard for AAA game character creation and animation. Pricing ranges from $1,785/year for annual subscription to $225/month for month-to-month access[31]. Maya Indie ($305/year) offers the full software for individuals and studios earning under $100,000 USD annually. Educational licenses provide free 1-year access for students and educators.

Autodesk 3ds Max

3ds Max 2025 costs $1,620-$1,690/year for professional licenses, with 3ds Max Indie at approximately $280/year for under $100,000 annual earnings. The Windows-only software excels at architectural visualization, environment design, and game asset creation with robust polygon, spline, and NURBS modeling.

ZBrush

ZBrush 2025 (September 2024) transitioned to subscription-only pricing in 2024[32]. Current pricing is $49/month or $399/year[33]. The subscription includes both desktop (Windows, macOS) and iPad versions. ZBrush remains the industry leader for digital sculpting with 200+ brushes, multi-resolution mesh editing, ZModeler for hard surfaces, and Redshift CPU rendering included.

For beginners: Start with Blender exclusively. The free, full-featured software provides everything needed to learn 3D modeling for VR without financial investment.

Asset Stores and Free Resources

Unity Asset Store

Unity Asset Store offers the largest VR-specific asset collection, including physics-based interaction frameworks, VR templates, locomotion systems, and hand tracking solutions[34]. The free SteamVR Plugin (version 2.8.0, January 2024) maintained by Valve provides SteamVR integration. VRTK (Virtual Reality Toolkit) offers comprehensive VR development frameworks.

Unreal Marketplace / Fab

Unreal Marketplace transitioned to Fab platform in 2024, offering VR templates like Ultimate VR Template (UVRT) with physics, locomotion, climbing, and inventory systems[35]. The built-in VR Template in Unreal Engine provides comprehensive starting points free with the engine.

Free 3D Model Platforms

  • Sketchfab hosts millions of 3D models with many free CC-licensed options, WebGL viewer, and VR-compatible formats
  • TurboSquid offers 29,000+ free models among 1.5+ million total models[36]
  • Poly Haven provides 100% free CC0 assets (HDRIs, textures, 3D models) in the public domain
  • CGTrader mixes free and paid models with large VR/AR libraries

Spatial Audio Tools

Steam Audio

Steam Audio (version 4.6.0, released December 2024) provides the best free spatial audio solution for VR[37]. Developed by Valve, the advanced spatial audio SDK uses physics-based sound propagation and HRTF-based binaural audio. Features include HRTF binaural rendering, physics-based sound propagation, occlusion and reverb simulation, low-latency audio for hundreds of sources, Ambisonics support, and baking for design-time optimization. The completely free and open-source SDK includes plugins for Unity, Unreal Engine, FMOD Studio, and Wwise (added in v4.6.0), plus native C++ API.

FMOD Studio

FMOD Studio by Firelight Technologies offers DAW-like workflow with timeline-based event system, real-time parameter control, adaptive music systems, 3D spatialization, and built-in event macros. The indie license is free for projects under revenue thresholds, with commercial licensing requiring contact with Firelight. FMOD's easier learning curve and intuitive interface make it ideal for indie developers and solo creators.

Wwise

Wwise by Audiokinetic represents the industry standard audio middleware used in AAA productions. The powerful Game Call system, Actor-Mixer hierarchies, advanced profiling tools, comprehensive sound propagation, and extensive documentation make it preferred for large productions. A free tier exists for indie developers under revenue limits, with commercial pricing available by contacting Audiokinetic.

For indie developers, start with Steam Audio (free) for spatial audio, adding FMOD (easier) or Wwise (more powerful) as projects grow in complexity.

4. VR Development Best Practices

Creating comfortable, intuitive VR experiences requires following established best practices that prevent motion sickness, optimize performance, and design interactions that feel natural in 3D space.

Performance Targets and Optimization

VR applications must maintain 90 FPS minimum on target hardware to prevent motion sickness and ensure comfort[38]. Meta Quest store qualification requires 90 FPS on recommended spec machines with an absolute minimum of 45 FPS on minimum spec machines. Frame time must stay at 11.1 milliseconds or less for 90 FPS. PlayStation VR2 targets 90Hz or 120Hz refresh rates. PC VR headsets typically target 90Hz or higher.

Platform Target FPS Frame Time Notes
Meta Quest 2/3/3S 90 FPS (72 FPS minimum) 11.1ms 120Hz experimental on Quest 3
PlayStation VR2 90-120 FPS 8.3-11.1ms Both 90Hz and 120Hz modes
PC VR (Index, Vive) 90-144 FPS 6.9-11.1ms Varies by headset
Apple Vision Pro 90-100 FPS 10-11.1ms Adaptive refresh rate

Optimization guidelines recommend limiting to 500-1,000 draw calls per frame and maximum 1-2 million triangles/vertices per frame. Use texture compression and mipmapping universally. Limit script execution to 1-3ms per frame to avoid CPU bottlenecks. Identify whether bottlenecks are CPU or GPU-bound and optimize accordingly—CPU handles simulation logic, state management, and scene generation while GPU handles texture sampling and mesh shading.

For Unreal Engine VR, enable Mobile Multiview for standalone VR (Quest, Pico) and Instanced Stereo for PCVR. Enable Round Robin Occlusion (RRO) which alternates rendering between eyes for performance gains. Use forward shading instead of deferred rendering, and set MSAA to 4x for optimal quality/performance balance.

Unity VR optimization leverages Universal Render Pipeline (URP) which provides performance needed for mobile VR. The multi-threaded Data-Oriented Technology Stack (DOTS) enables advanced performance optimization for complex scenes.

Motion Sickness Prevention

VR motion sickness occurs primarily due to sensory conflict: eyes perceive movement while the inner ear senses stillness[39]. Additional causes include low frame rates below 90 FPS, high latency between head movement and display update (keep under 20 milliseconds), low resolution causing eye strain, and display flickering affected by refresh rate and luminance.

Prevention strategies combine technical requirements with thoughtful design:

  • Maintain consistent 90 FPS minimum without exception
  • Keep latency under 20ms between head movement and display update
  • Implement Field of View (FOV) reduction during movement using vignette effects that darken peripheral vision during locomotion
  • Offer both teleportation and continuous locomotion options when possible
  • Avoid sharp visual patterns in peripheral vision
  • Use the 80/20 composition rule: 80% darker colors, 20% bright colors to reduce visual stress

Teleportation locomotion eliminates motion sickness by removing continuous movement optical flow, though it introduces higher cognitive workload. Continuous/smooth locomotion feels more natural and performs better for speed and precision tasks but can induce sickness if implemented poorly. Static reference frames (virtual cockpit, virtual nose) provide mixed results depending on users.

UI/UX Design for VR

Meta's official VR design guidelines emphasize prototype early and test frequently—2D screen design differs radically from actual VR experience[40]. Use physical world metaphors to guide design; familiar objects don't require learning new interaction models. Support intuitive interactions where users can naturally grab objects and press buttons. Keep UI concise and unobstructive, avoiding coverage of the entire scene.

Angular scale measurement using dmm (1mm/1px at 1m distance) ensures consistent element sizing across varying distances. Safe area guidelines prevent title-text and key elements from being cut off by headset FOV limitations. Spatial design considerations require rethinking traditional UI patterns—no conventional anchor points like screen corners exist in VR.

Interaction Design Patterns

Locomotion Systems

Locomotion in 2024 shows a trend toward continuous/smooth locomotion replacing teleportation in commercial applications, though teleportation remains important for comfort-first scenarios:

  • Teleportation: Eliminates optical flow and motion sickness but adds cognitive workload. Use arc trajectory visualization to show destination. Best for exposure therapy, casual exploration, and comfort-first applications.
  • Continuous locomotion via joystick: Provides natural feeling with optimal speed and precision, standard in many commercial games (Half-Life: Alyx, Skyrim VR)
  • Snap turn: Provides discrete rotation to avoid continuous turning discomfort, commonly paired with other locomotion
  • Room-scale physical walking: Offers maximum immersion limited by tracking space; use redirected walking techniques for larger virtual spaces

Hand Tracking vs Controllers

Meta Quest 2, 3, and Pro include hand and body tracking toggleable in Movement Tracking settings; switch between controllers and hands by clicking controllers together. HTC Vive Focus 3 requires enabling in Settings > Inputs with pinch gesture for selection. Valve Index controllers feature advanced capacitive sensors for finger tracking on controllers, force sensors in grip for variable squeeze detection, and strap design allowing fully opening hands without dropping controllers.

Controllers remain dominant for precision tasks and gaming in 2024-2025, while hand tracking gains adoption for social VR, casual interactions, and accessibility. Many apps support both with seamless switching.

Grab and Manipulation

Patterns from Unity XR Interaction Toolkit include:

  • Direct grab: Using sphere trace from controller position
  • Distance grab: Using ray-based selection for distant objects
  • Attach on grab: Where objects snap to specific attachment points
  • Physics-based throwing: Combining velocity, trajectory, and release timing

5. Programming Languages for VR Development

Each game engine uses specific programming languages, and your language choice should align with your platform choice.

C# for Unity VR Development

Unity exclusively uses C# for scripting, making it the most important programming language for VR developers given Unity's 68% market share among XR developers. The official Unity Learn VR Development Pathway provides free, structured learning. Unity's Visual Scripting offers an alternative for non-programmers, enabling VR development without traditional coding.

The XR Plug-in Management system handles device support, while XR Interaction Toolkit provides high-level components. Unity's VR template includes teleport locomotion, snap turn mechanics, grab interactions, VR menu systems, and input mapping preconfigured.

C++ and Blueprints for Unreal Engine VR

Unreal Engine offers two development paths: Blueprint Visual Scripting and C++ programming. For beginners, start with Blueprints exclusively. Blueprint's node-based visual scripting eliminates code barriers while providing immediate results, easier understanding of coding principles, full VR Template availability, and transition path to C++ after mastering concepts.

The VR Template in Blueprints includes VRPawn with locomotion logic, GrabComponent for interactions, teleport and snap turn implementations, and built-in OpenXR support compatible with Meta Quest, VIVE, Valve Index, and PSVR2.

C++ becomes necessary for AAA game development, better performance optimization, and full control over engine features, but carries a harder learning curve. Industry standard AAA projects use 10% Blueprints for gameplay logic and 90% C++ for performance-critical code. Indies can succeed with primarily Blueprint-based projects, adding C++ only when performance demands it.

JavaScript/TypeScript for WebXR

WebXR development uses standard web technologies: JavaScript or TypeScript with WebGL/WebGL2 rendering. TypeScript support requires installing types via npm and importing with proper declarations.

Framework selection depends on developer background:

  • A-Frame: HTML-based syntax for maximum accessibility, best for beginners
  • Babylon.js: TypeScript-native with excellent WebXR Experience Helper, ideal for TypeScript developers
  • Three.js: Most flexibility and control with the largest community but requires manual WebXR setup
  • React-XR: Built on react-three-fiber, offers React components with modern hooks-based API, perfect for React developers

WebXR requires HTTPS (secure context) but enables deployment across desktop and mobile without app installation, instant updates, and future-proof compatibility with new hardware automatically supported.

6. Advanced Topics

Beyond basic VR development, several advanced topics enable more sophisticated experiences.

Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning

Photogrammetry converts photographs into 3D models, enabling realistic VR environments from real-world locations, authentic asset textures, architectural visualization, digital twin creation for training, and cultural preservation in VR experiences.

RealityScan

RealityScan 2.0 (rebranded from RealityCapture by Epic Games in 2024) offers professional-grade photogrammetry that's free for students, educators, and individuals/companies with annual gross revenue below $1 million USD[41]. Features include AI-assisted background masking, visual quality inspection with heatmaps, aerial LiDAR and terrestrial data support, and orthographic projections for mapping.

Polycam

Polycam (iOS, Android, Web) provides accessible photogrammetry with LiDAR scanning support, Room Mode for floor plans, AI-based 360 capture, and seamless Unity/Unreal integration. Free plan includes 5 photogrammetry captures with up to 100 images each and 12+ export formats. Pro plan costs $17.99/month or $99.99/year.

Meshroom

Meshroom by AliceVision provides 100% free and open-source photogrammetry with node-based workflow, Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo algorithms, real-time 3D model viewing, HDR image fusion, panorama support, and plugins for Gaussian Splatting and NeRF. Requires Nvidia GPU with CUDA support recommended.

Cross-Platform VR Development with OpenXR

Developing for multiple VR platforms simultaneously maximizes audience reach. OpenXR provides the foundation for cross-platform VR, enabling single codebase deployment to Meta Quest, SteamVR, Pico, Windows Mixed Reality, HTC Vive, and most modern headsets. Apple Vision Pro remains the notable exception, requiring completely separate development using visionOS, Swift, and proprietary APIs.

Unity with XR Interaction Toolkit represents the most popular cross-platform approach (68% of XR developers use Unity). The framework provides unified VR/AR interactions across Quest, PSVR2, SteamVR, Pico, Windows MR, iOS, and Android. Native OpenXR plugin support enables single codebase building to 25+ platforms.

Cross-Platform Challenges

  • Performance differences between Quest (mobile), PC VR, and PSVR2 require quality settings/LOD systems, adaptive rendering based on device capabilities, and separate optimization passes per platform
  • Input differences across controllers, hand tracking, and eye tracking require using OpenXR's unified action system and abstracting input into gameplay actions
  • Platform-specific features like passthrough MR (Quest/Pico) and eye tracking (PSVR2/Varjo) require designing core experiences that work everywhere while adding platform enhancements as optional features
  • Store requirements vary significantly between platforms

Publishing Platforms and Distribution

Meta Quest Store

Meta Quest Store provides access to the largest VR user base (20+ million Quest 2 users, growing with Quest 3 and 3S)[42]. Submission process requires creating developer account, enabling Developer Mode on Quest, building and packaging app meeting Quest requirements, uploading via Meta Quest Developer Hub, passing Virtual Reality Check (VRC) guidelines, and waiting 1-5 days for review with 30-day waiting period for first titles.

Requirements include proper controller support, correct application manifest, correctly signed APK, 72 Hz minimum performance (90 Hz recommended), secure keystore file management, VRC compliance, and high-quality branded assets. App Lab apps merged into main Meta Horizon Store as of August 2024.

SideQuest

SideQuest serves as third-party discovery platform and official App Lab discovery channel. Less rigorous approval than main Quest Store enables experimental content distribution. 24 indie games launched from SideQuest to official Meta Store in 2023, demonstrating it as proving ground for developers.

Steam VR

Steam VR offers open PC VR publishing with $100 app deposit fee (recoupable after $1,000 gross revenue), support for Vive, Index, Rift, Windows MR, and Quest via Link, and 30% revenue share (decreasing to 25% after $10M, 20% after $50M)[43]. No mandatory quality bar makes it more open than Quest Store.

Pico Store

Pico Store provides active and growing distribution with global presence, developer support through Unity and Unreal SDKs, and OpenXR 1.1 conformance announced 2024. Strong market focus in China and Europe.

PlayStation VR2

PlayStation VR2 publishing remains challenging for indie developers, requiring Sony partnership rather than self-service like Quest or Steam. Best suited for established studios with existing portfolios or publisher relationships.

Distribution strategy recommendation: Release on Quest first (largest audience), simultaneous Steam release for PC VR players, Pico for international reach, PSVR2 only if budget allows higher production values.

7. Getting Started: Your First VR Project

The path to VR development starts with choosing your technology stack based on your goals, budget, and existing skills. For most beginners, the recommended stack is Meta Quest 3S ($299) + Unity with C# + free learning resources + Blender for 3D assets. This combination minimizes cost while targeting the largest VR user base and leveraging the most extensive learning resources.

Install Unity Hub and Unity 6, create a new project using the VR template, install XR Interaction Toolkit via Package Manager, configure your Quest 3S in Developer Mode, and connect to test builds. Follow Unity Learn's VR Development Pathway for structured education. Supplement with Valem Tutorials on YouTube for practical examples. Use XR Device Simulator when headset isn't available, but test frequently on actual hardware.

Alternative Paths

  • Unreal Engine with Blueprints for superior graphics (ideal for architectural visualization)
  • Godot for completely free open-source development with no licensing concerns
  • WebXR with A-Frame/Babylon.js for browser-based VR accessible without installation

First Project Checklist

Focus first on:

  • Maintaining 90 FPS minimum
  • Implementing both teleportation and continuous locomotion with comfort options
  • Designing UI that doesn't obstruct view
  • Testing interaction distances and reach in VR
  • Implementing hand presence with clear visual feedback

Motion comfort should never be compromised—always prioritize user comfort over ambitious features.

Community Resources

Join VR development communities on Reddit (r/virtualreality, r/Unity3D, r/unrealengine, r/oculus), Discord servers for specific engines and tools, and official forums from Meta, Unity, and Unreal. The VR development community actively helps beginners, and sharing early prototypes yields valuable feedback.

The most important step is starting. Download Unity or Unreal today, follow the official VR template tutorials, and build something simple—a room with grabbable objects, a teleportation system, or a simple VR experience. Learning VR development requires experiencing VR development.

References

  1. ↑ https://erikralston.medium.com/getting-started-with-vr-development-in-2024-20d22f05d5b9 - Getting Started with VR Development in 2024
  2. ↑ https://www.xrtoday.com/mixed-reality/meta-quest-3s-price-features-and-specs/ - Meta Quest 3S: Price, Features, and Specs
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest_3 - Meta Quest 3 Wikipedia
  4. ↑ https://www.techradar.com/computing/virtual-reality-augmented-reality/pico-4-ultra-vs-meta-quest-3-the-battle-of-the-best-mid-range-vr-headsets - Pico 4 Ultra vs Meta Quest 3
  5. ↑ https://www.vive.com/us/product/vive-focus-vision/overview/ - VIVE Focus Vision
  6. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_VR2 - PlayStation VR2 Wikipedia
  7. ↑ https://blog.playstation.com/2024/06/03/playstation-vr2-players-can-access-games-on-pc-with-adapter-starting-on-august-7/ - PlayStation VR2 PC Adapter Announcement
  8. ↑ https://www.slashgear.com/1624183/why-google-cardboard-vr-discontinued/ - Why Google Discontinued Cardboard VR
  9. ↑ https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/ - Apple Vision Pro
  10. ↑ https://investors.unity.com/news/news-details/2024/Unity-6-Will-Release-Globally-October-17-2024-Unity-Announces-at-Annual-Unite-Developer-Conference/ - Unity 6 Release Announcement
  11. ↑ https://docs.unity3d.com/Packages/[email protected]/manual/index.html - XR Interaction Toolkit Documentation
  12. ↑ https://unity.com/solutions/xr - Unity XR Solutions
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_Engine_5 - Unreal Engine 5 Wikipedia
  14. ↑ https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/10/epic-games-to-cut-royalty-rate-on-unreal-engine-games/ - Epic Games Reduces Unreal Engine Royalty Fee
  15. ↑ https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/en-us/unreal-engine/vr-template-in-unreal-engine - VR Template in Unreal Engine
  16. ↑ https://godotengine.org/article/godot-xr-update-oct-2024/ - Godot XR Update October 2024
  17. ↑ https://www.w3.org/TR/webxr/ - WebXR Device API W3C Specification
  18. ↑ https://immersiveweb.dev/ - Immersive Web Developer Resources
  19. ↑ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API - WebXR Device API - MDN
  20. ↑ https://www.khronos.org/openxr/ - OpenXR Official Website
  21. ↑ https://www.khronos.org/news/press/khronos-releases-openxr-1.1-to-further-streamline-cross-platform-xr-development - OpenXR 1.1 Release
  22. ↑ https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/oculus-all-in-on-openxr-deprecates-proprietary-apis/ - Meta All In on OpenXR
  23. ↑ https://www.khronos.org/news/permalink/android-xr-adopts-openxr - Android XR Adopts OpenXR
  24. ↑ https://developers.meta.com/horizon/blog/start-building-meta-quest-3s-3-launch-spatial-sdk-2D-mixed-reality/ - Start Building with Meta Quest 3 and 3S
  25. ↑ https://partner.steamgames.com/doc/features/steamvr - SteamVR Steamworks Documentation
  26. ↑ https://valvesoftware.github.io/steamvr_unity_plugin/ - SteamVR Unity Plugin
  27. ↑ https://learn.unity.com/pathway/vr-development - Unity Learn VR Development Pathway
  28. ↑ https://www.udemy.com/course/multiplayer-virtual-reality-vr-development-with-unity/ - Multiplayer Virtual Reality Development With Unity
  29. ↑ https://videos.feedspot.com/virtual_reality_youtube_channels/ - 100 Virtual Reality YouTubers
  30. ↑ https://www.blender.org/ - Blender Official Website
  31. ↑ https://www.autodesk.com/products/maya/overview - Autodesk Maya Pricing
  32. ↑ https://www.cgchannel.com/2024/09/maxon-releases-zbrush-2025/ - Maxon Releases ZBrush 2025
  33. ↑ https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush-plan-options - ZBrush Plan Options
  34. ↑ https://assetstore.unity.com/popular-assets/vr-assets-and-tools - Unity Asset Store VR Assets
  35. ↑ https://www.unrealengine.com/marketplace/en-US/ - Unreal Engine Marketplace (now Fab)
  36. ↑ https://www.turbosquid.com/ - TurboSquid
  37. ↑ https://valvesoftware.github.io/steam-audio/ - Steam Audio Official Documentation
  38. ↑ https://developers.meta.com/horizon/documentation/native/pc/dg-performance-guidelines/ - Meta VR Performance Guidelines
  39. ↑ https://vr.arvilab.com/blog/combating-vr-sickness-debunking-myths-and-learning-what-really-works - How to Avoid VR Motion Sickness
  40. ↑ https://developers.meta.com/horizon/design/mr-design-guideline/ - Meta VR Design Guidelines
  41. ↑ https://www.realityscan.com/en-US/news/realityscan-20-new-release-brings-powerful-new-features-to-a-rebranded-realitycapture - RealityScan 2.0 Release
  42. ↑ https://developers.meta.com/horizon/resources/publish-upload-overview/ - Meta Quest Publishing Overview
  43. ↑ https://partner.steamgames.com/steamdirect - Steam Direct
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