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Neuralink

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Neuralink
Information
Type Private company
Industry Neurotechnology, Brain-computer interfaces
Founded July 2016
Founder Elon Musk, Max Hodak, Benjamin Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Timothy J. Gardner, Tim Hanson, Vanessa Tolosa
Headquarters Fremont, California, United States
Notable Personnel Elon Musk (founder), Dongjin Seo (president)
Products N1 implant (Link), R1 surgical robot, Telepathy, Blindsight (in development)
Website https://neuralink.com


Neuralink is an American neurotechnology company that develops implantable Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), surgically placed devices that read electrical activity from the brain so a person can control external hardware and software by thought. Elon Musk founded the company in 2016; it was registered in California as a medical research company in July 2016 and is based in Fremont, California.[1][2] Its first device, marketed as Telepathy, is a coin-sized implant called the N1 (also called the Link) that uses 1,024 electrodes spread across 64 flexible threads inserted into the motor cortex by a dedicated surgical robot, the R1.[3][4]

As of October 2026 the N1 is an investigational device used only in clinical trials; it has not been approved for sale. The first person received an implant in January 2024, and Neuralink reported 21 trial participants worldwide in January 2026.[5][6] Besides cursor control for people with paralysis, the company is running a speech-restoration trial and developing Blindsight, a visual prosthesis that holds an FDA Breakthrough Device designation but had not entered human trials in the United States as of October 2026.[7][8]

Neuralink was co-founded by Elon Musk together with eight scientists and engineers: Max Hodak, Benjamin Rapoport, Dongjin Seo, Paul Merolla, Philip Sabes, Timothy J. Gardner, Tim Hanson, and Vanessa Tolosa.[9][10][11] Its stated first aim is to restore digital autonomy to people with paralysis and other unmet medical needs; its stated long-term goal is a generalized input/output platform that can interface with every part of the human brain.[4] The company's relevance to virtual and augmented reality comes from this same idea: a direct neural channel could one day replace handheld controllers for input and, through stimulation, deliver synthetic sensory output.[12]

Reviewed 17 October 2026. Every cited claim (history, technology, trials, results, funding, XR context, current status) checked against its opened source as of 17 October 2026. About review dates.

History

Founding and early years

Neuralink was registered in California as a "medical research" company in July 2016. The Wall Street Journal first reported its existence in March 2017, and Musk then confirmed the name.[1] In an April 2017 explainer written with access to the company, Tim Urban of Wait But Why described the founding team, which included IBM chip designer Paul Merolla, microfabrication specialist Vanessa Tolosa, Max Hodak, "neural dust" researcher DJ Seo, engineer Tim Hanson, and the academic researchers Flip Sabes (UCSF) and Tim Gardner (Boston University), and said the company's goal was "to accelerate the advent of a whole-brain interface".[9] Fortune later summarized the founding as Musk launching the company "with help from seven scientists and one engineer".[10]

Most of the founding members later left. Max Hodak, who had been president, announced in May 2021 that he had left a few weeks earlier.[13] Neurosurgeon Benjamin Rapoport left and founded Precision Neuroscience, which uses electrodes that sit on the brain surface instead of penetrating it; in a 2024 interview he said that for a medical device "safety often implies minimal invasiveness".[11] Reuters reported in July 2022 that Paul Merolla had also departed, leaving implant engineer Dongjin "DJ" Seo as the only founding member at the company besides Musk.[2] In March 2025 Fortune identified Seo as Neuralink's president.[10]

First system and animal demonstrations

The company kept a low profile until July 2019, when it presented its first system: thin polymer threads carrying electrodes, inserted by what The New York Times described as a "sewing machine-like" robot. At that point the company had received $158 million in funding, $100 million of it from Musk, and had 90 employees.[14] An accompanying white paper, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research in October 2019, described arrays of up to 3,072 electrodes on 96 threads, a neurosurgical robot able to insert six threads (192 electrodes) per minute while avoiding surface blood vessels, and custom chips for on-board amplification and digitization. That generation still used a wired USB-C connection and was tested in rats.[15]

Public demonstrations preceded human trials. On August 28, 2020, Neuralink livestreamed a pig named Gertrude whose implant, placed about two months earlier, streamed neural activity as she sniffed around a pen; STAT noted that Musk did not show evidence that the displayed signals came from the pig's brain.[16] In April 2021 it published a video of a nine-year-old macaque named Pager playing a Pong-style game, which the company called MindPong. Pager first learned the game with a joystick; after the joystick was disconnected, he kept playing with decoded neural activity from 1,024-electrode Links implanted in the hand and arm areas of both motor cortices.[17][18]

Animal welfare scrutiny

The animal program drew criticism. Reuters reported in December 2022 that U.S. Department of Agriculture investigators were examining potential animal welfare violations after employee complaints that testing was being rushed, and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine filed formal complaints with the USDA and the Food and Drug Administration. In July 2023 the USDA said it had found no violations of its animal research rules beyond a 2019 incident that Neuralink had already reported. A separate FDA inspection of the company's California animal research facility, carried out on 12-22 June 2023, found record-keeping and quality-control lapses, such as missing calibration records for instruments; an inspection of its Texas facility found no problems.[19]

Human trials

Neuralink received an investigational device exemption from the FDA in May 2023 and began recruiting for its first human study, PRIME, in September 2023.[20] The first implant was performed at Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona, in January 2024; Musk announced it on January 29, 2024, saying the patient had received it the day before.[4][5] The recipient was Noland Arbaugh, who had quadriplegia from a spinal cord injury.[21][22] A second participant, Alex, was implanted in July 2024, and by February 2025 three people had implants: Noland and Alex with spinal cord injuries and Brad with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[23][24]

Trials then spread abroad. Health Canada approved the CAN-PRIME study in November 2024, Neuralink's first trial outside the United States.[25] When it announced its Series E round in June 2025, the company said five people were using the implant and that it had trial sites in three countries, including Barrow, the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Toronto Western Hospital and Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi.[26] In July 2025 it opened GB-PRIME at University College London Hospitals and the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals after approval from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and other bodies.[27] Implantations accelerated through 2025: Neuralink's January 2026 timeline of its clinical trial surgeries showed one in the first half of 2024, two in the second half, four in the first half of 2025 and thirteen in the second half of 2025, and the same update announced 21 participants enrolled in trials worldwide.[6]

Technology

The N1 implant (Link) is an intracortical BCI that records neural activity through 1,024 electrodes distributed across 64 flexible threads, each thinner than a human hair and placed independently in the brain.[4] Neuralink describes the threads as about one-tenth the thickness of a human hair.[28] They are made mostly of polyimide with a thin gold or platinum conductor.[3] The implant is hermetically sealed in a biocompatible enclosure, is about the size of a large coin, and is powered by a small battery recharged wirelessly by an inductive charger, so it can sit under the scalp with no visible parts and no physical connectors.[29][5][4]

Because the threads are too fine and flexible for a human surgeon to place by hand, Neuralink built the R1 surgical robot to insert them. Its head contains the optics and sensors of five camera systems and an optical coherence tomography system, and a needle thinner than a human hair grasps, inserts and releases each thread.[29] The robot is designed to avoid blood vessels and to track brain motion during surgery.[6] In the procedure used in the first implant, a neurosurgeon removed a disc of skull and the dura over the target region of the precentral gyrus, which had been located with functional MRI; the robot inserted the threads; and the surgeon mounted the implant in the opening and closed the scalp.[4][28]

On-board chips amplify and digitize the voltage from each electrode and detect spikes on the implant itself. In the version used with Pager, the Link sent spike counts for all 1,024 channels every 25 milliseconds over Bluetooth to a computer running decoding software.[17] In humans the implant sends the data wirelessly to the Neuralink Application running on an external device such as a computer, which decodes them into actions such as cursor movements; Neuralink's decoders are trained for each participant.[4][30]

Neuralink N1 implant key specifications
Attribute Value
Electrode contacts 1,024[4]
Threads 64[4]
Thread material Polyimide with gold or platinum conductor[3]
Implant size About the size of a large coin[5]
Enclosure Hermetically sealed, biocompatible[29]
Power Small battery, recharged by an inductive charger[29]
Data link Wireless to the Neuralink Application[4]
Implantation R1 surgical robot, threads placed in the hand area of the precentral gyrus (motor cortex)[4]
Regulatory status Investigational device (clinical trials only)[20]

In January 2026 Neuralink said it planned to raise the electrode count from about 1,000 to 3,000, to explore mechanical features that keep threads in place, and to investigate inserting threads directly through the dura, which would make surgery less invasive.[6]

Products

Neuralink markets the motor BCI under the name Telepathy. It records activity from the brain regions that control the hands and arms and translates it into commands, with the aim of letting people with paralysis control computers, phones and robotic limbs.[6] Users initially move the cursor by attempting to move a hand, and the system can distinguish left and right clicks.[22][6] The CONVOY study extends control from the N1 to an investigational assistive robotic arm; Alex was its first participant.[31][24]

A second product, Blindsight, is a visual prosthesis. Neuralink says it is meant to generate visual perception by activating brain areas responsible for vision, bypassing the eyes: a video camera captures images of the surroundings and transmits them wirelessly to the brain through the implant.[8] The FDA granted Blindsight a Breakthrough Device designation, a status meant to speed development and review, in September 2024.[32][33] According to Medical Device Network, the device could let people without eyes or an optic nerve perceive visual information if their visual cortex is intact, with initial resolution "similar to early video game graphics".[32]

Neuralink also received a Breakthrough Device designation for speech restoration, covering people with severe speech impairment from ALS, stroke, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis and other conditions.[34] Its VOICE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07224256), with a site at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, studies the N1 as a way for people with severe speech impairment to output verbal thought as text or directly as speech.[7] Neuralink has stated a goal of conversational speeds of 140 words per minute for this work.[6]

Neuralink programs and clinical studies (as of October 2026)
Program Purpose Status
Telepathy (PRIME, CAN-PRIME, GB-PRIME) Computer and phone control for people with paralysis Recruiting early-feasibility studies in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom[35]
CONVOY Control of an assistive robotic arm Feasibility study, cross-enrolling PRIME participants[31]
VOICE Speech restoration Clinical trial; FDA Breakthrough Device designation[7][34]
Blindsight Visual prosthesis FDA Breakthrough Device designation; no United States trial launched[8]

Clinical results

The first participant, Noland Arbaugh, used the implant to move his MacBook cursor, browse the web, live stream and play games including online chess and Civilization VI, as well as Mario Kart on a Nintendo Switch, by thought alone.[21][22] Before the implant, his main digital interface was a mouth-held stylus that a caregiver had to put in place.[22]

Performance is measured in bits per second (BPS) on a grid task that Neuralink calls Webgrid.[23] In his first research session Arbaugh set a BCI cursor record of 4.6 BPS, and later reached 8.0 BPS while trying to approach the roughly 10 BPS that Neuralink engineers reached using a mouse.[22] In the weeks after surgery a number of threads retracted from the brain, reducing the number of effective electrodes. Neuralink said that changes to its recording algorithm, decoding methods and user interface produced a sustained improvement that surpassed his initial performance.[22] For the second participant the company reduced brain motion during surgery and the gap between the implant and the brain surface, and it reported no thread retraction in that case.[23] In January 2026 Neuralink said signal quality had been higher in 18 of the 20 participants who followed Arbaugh, while performance still varied with anatomy and disease stage.[6]

Later participants used the implant for design and gaming. Alex used the CAD program Fusion 360 to design a mount for his Neuralink charger and, by combining the Link with a mouth-operated Quadstick controller, could move and aim at the same time in first-person shooter games.[23] Brad, who has late-stage ALS and had relied on an eye tracker that failed in bright light, used the Link to type on an on-screen keyboard indoors and outdoors.[24] Neuralink also reported a ten-finger typing scheme that reached up to 40 words per minute, and said participant Nick exceeded 10 BPS within his first week.[6]

On 1 October 2026 Neuralink reported that participants had streamed more than 50,000 hours of unlabeled neural data and that self-supervised pretraining on this data let decoders work for weeks without recalibration; previously users spent an average of 55 minutes per week calibrating. With the new decoders, three participants passed the previous record of 10.39 BPS and one reached 11.32 BPS.[30] These figures come from the company's own update.

Funding

Neuralink has raised money privately throughout its history. By July 2019 it had received $158 million, of which $100 million came from Musk.[14] In July 2021 it raised a $205 million Series C led by Vy Capital, with participation from Google Ventures, DFJ Growth, Valor Equity Partners, Craft Ventures, Founders Fund and Gigafund.[36][37] A $280 million Series D led by Founders Fund followed in August 2023, with an additional $43 million tranche added months later.[38][26][39] In June 2025 Neuralink closed a Series E of $650 million with investors including ARK Invest, DFJ Growth, Founders Fund, G42, Human Capital, Lightspeed, QIA, Sequoia Capital, Thrive Capital, Valor Equity Partners and Vy Capital; Semafor, as cited by TechCrunch, reported a pre-money valuation of about $9 billion.[26][39] The company said the money would expand patient access and fund future devices.[26]

Selected funding milestones
Date Round Amount (USD) Notes
By July 2019 Cumulative $158 million $100 million from Elon Musk[14]
July 2021 Series C $205 million Led by Vy Capital[36][37]
August 2023 Series D $280 million Led by Founders Fund; later $43 million tranche[38][39]
June 2025 Series E $650 million About $9 billion pre-money (Semafor via TechCrunch)[26][39]

Relevance to virtual and augmented reality

Neuralink does not make VR or AR headsets, and as of October 2026 it has not shipped any consumer product. Its relevance to immersive technology is as a potential input and output channel that bypasses the hands and the eyes, the two interfaces that current Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality systems depend on.

On the input side, a motor BCI addresses a long-standing problem in immersive computing: text entry and precise control are awkward inside a headset, where users cannot see a physical keyboard and rely on tracked controllers or other Input Devices. In a 2019 Road to VR feature, Scott Hayden described a speculative future in which implant users would "navigate the UI with only your thoughts" and menus would "basically become a thing of the past".[40] Writing about Neuralink's 2019 presentation, XR blogger Skarredghost named virtual typing as a major pain point for AR and VR, wrote that being able to "just think about the words that we'd like to type" would be "much more comfortable", and suggested that disabled users could regain use of their hands in VR.[12] The PRIME participants' cursor control, clicking, and simultaneous movement and aiming in games are early examples of the same kind of control in medical use.[22][23] Consumer XR already pursues hands-free input in non-invasive form, such as the surface electromyography wristband sold as the Meta Neural Band, which translates muscle signals at the wrist into commands for the Meta Ray-Ban Display glasses.[41] Among implanted BCIs, a rival device made by Synchron was connected to an Apple Vision Pro in July 2024, when a patient with ALS used his thoughts to move the headset's cursor to play Solitaire, watch Apple TV and send messages.[42]

On the output side, the Blindsight visual prosthesis is the more direct link to displays. A Head-mounted display presents images to the eyes; Blindsight, as Neuralink describes it, would instead send camera images to the brain through the implant, bypassing the eyes entirely.[8] Road to VR's 2019 feature imagined a far-future scenario in which "digital imagery is injected directly into your visual cortex", and Skarredghost wrote about stimulating the brain to simulate bodily sensations, while both stressed that this remains far from any product.[40][12] Valve experimental psychologist Mike Ambinder spoke about BCIs and game design at GDC 2019; Road to VR reported his view that EEG reliably measures only activity in the upper layers of the brain and that deeper data from beneath the skull should allow "more immersive and adaptive games".[40] In January 2021 Valve co-founder Gabe Newell said Valve was working on an open-source BCI software project and had worked with OpenBCI, whose Galea headset is designed to work with VR headsets such as the Valve Index.[43]

These applications are prospective. Neuralink's published work to date concerns medical use in people with paralysis, speech loss or blindness, not entertainment, and the 2019 VR coverage described consumer brain-to-headset interfaces as many years away; Skarredghost noted that, for invasive BCIs in healthy people, Musk expected first results in 8-10 years while his engineers gave estimates of 25 and 50 years.[12][40]

Current status

As of October 2026 Neuralink remains a private company running early-feasibility clinical trials rather than selling a product.[35] It reported 21 participants enrolled in trials worldwide in January 2026, with clinical sites in the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.[6][26][27] The Telepathy motor interface and the VOICE speech study are in trials, while the Blindsight visual implant holds an FDA Breakthrough Device designation and the company's site still invites people to join a registry to be told when United States trials launch.[7][8] In December 2025 the company hired David McMullen, who had previously worked at DARPA, the NIH and the FDA, to lead medical affairs.[44] In October 2025 the San Francisco Standard reported that Neuralink had agreed to lease a newly built 144,000-square-foot research building at 499 Forbes Blvd. in South San Francisco; the company has occupied its Fremont site since 2018.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bill Chappell (2017-03-28). "Elon Musk Seen Targeting Human-Computer Link In New Venture". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/28/521763351/elon-musk-seen-targeting-human-computer-link-in-new-venture. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rachael Levy (2022-07-19). "Neuralink co-founder departs Musk-backed startup -sources". Euronews (Reuters). https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/07/19/neuralink-merolla. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Link N1". Bionic Vision. https://www.bionic-vision.org/implants/link-n1. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 "PRIME Study Progress Update". Neuralink. 2024-04-12. https://neuralink.com/updates/prime-study-progress-update/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wyatte Grantham-Philips, Laura Ungar (2024-01-30). "Elon Musk says the first human has received an implant from Neuralink, but details are scant". PBS NewsHour (Associated Press). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/elon-musk-says-the-first-human-has-received-an-implant-from-neuralink-but-details-are-scant. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 "Two Years of Telepathy". Neuralink. 2026-01-28. https://neuralink.com/updates/two-years-of-telepathy/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Speech Restoration". Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/trials/speech-restoration/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Visual Prosthesis". Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/trials/visual-prosthesis/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tim Urban (2017-04-20). "Neuralink and the Brain's Magical Future". Wait But Why. https://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink.html. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Luisa Beltran (2025-03-06). "The top power players at Neuralink, Elon Musk's brain tech startup". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2025/03/06/elon-musk-neuralink-twitter-tesla-brain-technology-openai/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Matt Novak (2024-05-06). "Neuralink Co-Founder Suggests He Left Elon Musk's Company Over Safety Concerns". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/neuralink-elon-musk-safety-concerns-benjamin-rapoport-1851458303. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Neuralink announces new BCI: why us VR people should care". The Ghost Howls. 2019-07-18. https://skarredghost.com/2019/07/18/neuralink-bci-virtual-reality-vr/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  13. ↑ Loukia Papadopoulos (2021-05-02). "Neuralink Co-Founder and President Max Hodak Leaves the Company". Interesting Engineering. https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/neuralink-co-founder-max-hodak-leaves-company. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 John Markoff (2019-07-16). "Elon Musk's Neuralink Wants 'Sewing Machine-Like' Robots to Wire Brains to the Internet". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  15. ↑ Elon Musk, Neuralink (2019-10-31). "An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels". Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 21, no. 10, e16194. https://doi.org/10.2196/16194. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  16. ↑ Rebecca Robbins, Erin Brodwin (2020-08-28). "Elon Musk's Neuralink unveils prototype of brain implants, and looks toward clinical trials". STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/28/elon-musks-neuralink-unveils-prototype-of-brain-implants-and-looks-toward-clinical-trials/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Pager Plays MindPong". Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/updates/pager-plays-mindpong/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  18. ↑ Thomas Macaulay (2021-04-09). "Watch a cyborg monkey play Pong with its mind, thanks to Elon Musk's Neuralink". The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/news/elon-musk-neuralink-cyborg-monkey-plays-pong-brain-implant-bci. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  19. ↑ Reuters (2024-02-29). "Musk's Neuralink brain implant company cited by FDA over animal lab issues". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/29/musks-neuralink-brain-implant-company-cited-by-fda-over-animal-lab-issues.html. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Neuralink's First-in-Human Clinical Trial is Open for Recruitment". Neuralink. 2023-09-19. https://neuralink.com/updates/first-clinical-trial-open-for-recruitment/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jason Nelson (2024-05-09). "Neuralink Patient's Implants Slipped Out, But He Still Set a Brain Control Record". Decrypt. https://decrypt.co/230021/neuralink-implant-patient-gaming-sets-bci-record. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 "PRIME Study Progress Update - User Experience". Neuralink. 2024-05-08. https://neuralink.com/updates/prime-study-progress-update-user-experience/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "PRIME Study Progress Update - Second Participant". Neuralink. 2024-08-21. https://neuralink.com/updates/prime-study-progress-update-second-participant/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "A Year of Telepathy". Neuralink. 2025-02-05. https://neuralink.com/updates/a-year-of-telepathy/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  25. ↑ "CAN-PRIME Study Launch". Neuralink. 2024-11-20. https://neuralink.com/updates/can-prime-study-launch/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 "Neuralink raises $650 million Series E". Neuralink. 2025-06-02. https://neuralink.com/updates/neuralink-raises-650m-series-e/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "GB-PRIME Study Launch". Neuralink. 2025-07-31. https://neuralink.com/updates/gb-prime-study-launch/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Building Safe Implantable Devices". Neuralink. 2025-05-02. https://neuralink.com/updates/building-safe-implantable-devices/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Technology". Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/technology/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Pretraining on 50,000 Hours of Unlabeled Brain Data". Neuralink. 2026-10-01. https://neuralink.com/updates/pretraining-on-50000-hours/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "CONVOY Study Launch". Neuralink. 2024-11-24. https://neuralink.com/updates/convoy-study-launch/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Neuralink obtains breakthrough designation from FDA for Blindsight device". Medical Device Network. 2024-09-18. https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/neuralink-breakthrough-fda-blindsight-device/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  33. ↑ "Neuralink Receives Breakthrough Device Designation for Blindsight". Neuralink. 2024-09-17. https://neuralink.com/updates/neuralink-receives-breakthrough-device-designation-for-blindsight/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Neuralink Receives Breakthrough Device Designation for Speech". Neuralink. 2025-05-01. https://neuralink.com/updates/neuralink-receives-breakthrough-device-designation-for-speech/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Telepathy". Neuralink. https://neuralink.com/trials/device-control/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Series C Funding Round Announcement". Neuralink. 2021-07-29. https://neuralink.com/updates/series-c-funding-round-announcement/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Bloomberg (2021-07-30). "Elon Musk's Brain-Computer Startup Neuralink Raises $205 Million". Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-07-30-elon-musks-brain-computer-startup-neuralink-raises-205-million/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Neuralink Raises $280M Series D". Neuralink. 2023-08-07. https://neuralink.com/updates/neuralink-raises-280m-series-d/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Maxwell Zeff (2025-06-02). "Elon Musk's Neuralink closes a $650M Series E". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/02/elon-musks-neuralink-closes-a-650m-series-e/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Scott Hayden (2019-09-04). "Digital Frontier: Where Brain-computer Interfaces & AR/VR Could One Day Meet". Road to VR. https://roadtovr.com/future-brain-computer-interface-ar-vr/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  41. ↑ "Meta Ray-Ban Display: AI Glasses With an EMG Wristband". Meta. 2025-09-17. https://about.fb.com/news/2025/09/meta-ray-ban-display-ai-glasses-emg-wristband/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  42. ↑ Dennis Sellers (2024-07-30). "Synchron Announces First Use of Apple Vision Pro with a Brain Computer Interface". MacTech. https://www.mactech.com/2024/07/30/synchron-announces-first-use-of-apple-vision-pro-with-a-brain-computer-interface/amp/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  43. ↑ Luke Appleby (2021-01-25). "Gabe Newell says brain-computer interface tech will allow video games far beyond what human 'meat peripherals' can comprehend". 1 News. https://www.1news.co.nz/2021/01/25/gabe-newell-says-brain-computer-interface-tech-will-allow-video-games-far-beyond-what-human-meat-peripherals-can-comprehend/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  44. ↑ "Welcome, David McMullen!". Neuralink. 2025-12-09. https://neuralink.com/updates/welcome-david-mcmullen/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
  45. ↑ Kevin V. Nguyen (2025-10-11). "Elon Musk, California's biggest hater, just can't quit the state". The San Francisco Standard. https://sfstandard.com/2025/10/11/elon-musk-neuralink-san-francisco/. Retrieved 2026-10-17.
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