Proprioceptive system: Difference between revisions - VR & AR Wiki

Line 37:

For much of the 20th century, the prevailing view regarding the limb position sense was that the joints where the main receptors responsible for kinaesthetic sensations. This changed after the experiments of Goodwin and colleagues on the sensory effects of muscle vibration. This study provided evidence for the role of muscle spindles in conscious sensation and currently they are considered the principal proprioceptors <ref name=”2”></ref> <ref name=”9”></ref> <ref name=”12”></ref>.

The term “proprioception” was introduced by Sherrington in 1906. The term is a combination of the Latin “propius” (one’s own) and “perception”. He described it as a type of feedback from the limbs to the central nervous system. He referred to proprioceptors as: “‘In muscular receptivity we see the body itself acting as a stimulus to its own receptors – the proprioceptors.” <ref name=”1”></ref> <ref name=”10”></ref> <ref name=”11”></ref>

The term “proprioception” was introduced by Sherrington in 1906. The term is a combination of the Latin “propius” (one’s own) and “perception”. He described it as a type of feedback from the limbs to the central nervous system. He referred to proprioceptors as: “‘In muscular receptivity we see the body itself acting as a stimulus to its own receptors, the proprioceptors.” <ref name=”1”></ref> <ref name=”10”></ref> <ref name=”11”></ref>

==The proprioceptive senses==

Line 73:

===Evidence===

There is strong evidence in support of muscle spindles as the main proprioceptors. Their role has been studied through the illusory movement sensation paradigm, and it is based in two kinds of experiment that generate the illusion of limb displacement. First, and maybe the most important evidence, is the fact that using muscle vibration over the tendon or muscle – a selective stimulus for muscle spindles – generates illusions of limb movement and displacement, provided the muscle remains passive. This was first observed by Goodwin et al. (1972). The second piece of evidence comes from the thixotropic property of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle, meaning the dependence of passive tension in muscle on the previous history of contraction and length changes. This second method has the advantage of changing muscle spindle background activity without changing the muscle length <ref name=”2”></ref> <ref name=”5”></ref> <ref name=”7”></ref> <ref name=”10”></ref>.

There is strong evidence in support of muscle spindles as the main proprioceptors. Their role has been studied through the illusory movement sensation paradigm, and it is based in two kinds of experiment that generate the illusion of limb displacement. First, and maybe the most important evidence, is the fact that using muscle vibration over the tendon or muscle , a selective stimulus for muscle spindles, generates illusions of limb movement and displacement, provided the muscle remains passive. This was first observed by Goodwin et al. (1972). The second piece of evidence comes from the thixotropic property of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle, meaning the dependence of passive tension in muscle on the previous history of contraction and length changes. This second method has the advantage of changing muscle spindle background activity without changing the muscle length <ref name=”2”></ref> <ref name=”5”></ref> <ref name=”7”></ref> <ref name=”10”></ref>.

Further evidence has been provided by studies that use other techniques such as skin and joint anesthesia, and the disengagement of muscles from joints. For example, the sense of position and movement persisted after joint replacement. In patients that had a total hip placement, the kinaesthetic sense remained intact, pointing to the importance of muscle receptors in proprioception. It also suggest that, at least at some joints, joint receptors do not play a significant role in kinaesthesia <ref name=”2”></ref> <ref name=”7”></ref>.