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Created page with "{{Device Infobox |image = |VR/AR = Virtual Reality |Type = Head-mounted display |Subtype = PC-Powered VR |Platform = |Creator = Jaron Lanier |Developer = VPL Research |Manufacturer = VPL Research |Announcement Date = 1987 |Release Date = 1987 |Price = $9,400 (EyePhone 1), $49,000 (EyePhone HRX) |Website = |Versions = EyePhone 1, EyePhone HRX |Requires = High-end computer system |Predecessor = |Successor = |Operating System = |Chipset = |CPU = |GPU =..."
 
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|Type = Head-mounted display
|Type = Head-mounted display
|Subtype = PC-Powered VR
|Subtype = PC-Powered VR
|Platform =  
|Platform = Silicon Graphics [[IRIS]]/[[Onyx]] workstations
|Creator = [[Jaron Lanier]]
|Creator = [[Jaron Lanier]] and [[Thomas G. Zimmerman]]
|Developer = [[VPL Research]]
|Developer = [[VPL Research]]
|Manufacturer = [[VPL Research]]
|Manufacturer = [[VPL Research]]
|Announcement Date = 1987
|Announcement Date = June 1989
|Release Date = 1987
|Release Date = June 1989
|Price = $9,400 (EyePhone 1), $49,000 (EyePhone HRX)
|Price = $9,400 (EyePhone 1), $12,500 (Model 2 LX), $49,000-50,000 (EyePhone HRX), $250,000 (complete RB2 system)
|Website =  
|Website =  
|Versions = EyePhone 1, EyePhone HRX
|Versions = Model 1, Model 2 LX, Model HRX
|Requires = High-end computer system
|Requires = High-end computer system (Silicon Graphics workstation), Polhemus magnetic tracker
|Predecessor =  
|Predecessor =  
|Successor =  
|Successor =  
|Operating System =  
|Operating System = [[MS-DOS]], early [[Windows]]
|Chipset =  
|Chipset =  
|CPU =  
|CPU =  
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|Memory =  
|Memory =  
|SD Card Slot = No
|SD Card Slot = No
|Display = [[LCD]]
|Display = Dual active-matrix [[LCD]] panels
|Subpixel Layout =  
|Subpixel Layout =  
|Peak Brightness =  
|Peak Brightness =  
|Resolution = 320 × 240 per eye
|Resolution = 185 × 138 (Model 1), 320 × 240 (Model 2 LX), 720 × 480 (Model HRX) per eye
|Refresh Rate = 30 Hz
|Refresh Rate = 30 Hz
|Pixel Density =  
|Pixel Density =  
|Persistence =  
|Persistence =  
|Precision =  
|Precision =  
|Field of View = 108°
|Field of View = 90° (Model 1), 108° (Model 2 LX), 106° (Model HRX)
|Horizontal FoV =  
|Horizontal FoV = 90°-108° (model dependent)
|Vertical FoV =  
|Vertical FoV = 75°
|Visible FoV =  
|Visible FoV =  
|Rendered FoV =  
|Rendered FoV =  
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|Peak Pixel Density =  
|Peak Pixel Density =  
|Foveated Rendering = No
|Foveated Rendering = No
|Optics = [[Fresnel lenses]]
|Optics = [[LEEP optics]] design with [[Fresnel lenses|Fresnel condensing lenses]]
|Ocularity = Binocular
|Ocularity = Binocular
|IPD Range =  
|IPD Range = Adjustable
|Adjustable Diopter =  
|Adjustable Diopter =  
|Passthrough = No
|Passthrough = No
|Tracking = 3 [[DoF]]
|Tracking = 3 [[DoF]] electromagnetic ([[Polhemus]] FASTRAK)
|Tracking Frequency =  
|Tracking Frequency = 60 Hz
|Base Stations = No
|Base Stations = No
|Eye Tracking = No
|Eye Tracking = No
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|Rotational Tracking = Yes
|Rotational Tracking = Yes
|Positional Tracking = No
|Positional Tracking = No
|Update Rate =  
|Update Rate = 60 Hz
|Tracking Volume =  
|Tracking Volume =  
|Play Space =  
|Play Space =  
|Latency =  
|Latency = <50 ms (with SGI rendering)
|Audio = Stereo headphones
|Audio = Stereo headphones
|Microphone =  
|Microphone =  
|3.5mm Audio Jack =  
|3.5mm Audio Jack =  
|Camera = No
|Camera = No
|Connectivity = Wired to computer
|Connectivity = Wired to computer (NTSC composite signals)
|Ports =  
|Ports =  
|Wired Video = Yes
|Wired Video = Yes
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|WiFi = No
|WiFi = No
|Bluetooth = No
|Bluetooth = No
|Power = External
|Power = External (workstation-powered)
|Battery Capacity = N/A
|Battery Capacity = N/A
|Battery Life = N/A
|Battery Life = N/A
|Charge Time = N/A
|Charge Time = N/A
|Dimensions =  
|Dimensions =  
|Weight = ~2.5 kg (5.5 pounds)
|Weight = 200 g (visor only), ~2.5 kg (complete system with cables)
|Material = Plastic
|Material = Plastic
|Headstrap = Fixed around-the-head fitting
|Headstrap = Stiff fabric strap
|Haptics = No
|Haptics = No
|Color = Beige
|Color = Beige
|Sensors = Head tracking sensors
|Sensors = Head tracking sensors (Polhemus magnetic tracker)
|Input = [[DataGlove]] (sold separately)
|Input = [[DataGlove]] (sold separately)
|Compliance =  
|Compliance =  
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}}
}}


The '''EyePhone''' was a pioneering [[virtual reality]] [[head-mounted display]] (HMD) developed by [[VPL Research]] and released in 1987.<ref name="wikipedia">Wikipedia. "EyePhone". July 27, 2022.</ref> Created by [[Jaron Lanier]], who coined the term "virtual reality,"<ref name="vrs">Virtual Reality Society. "VPL Research Jaron Lanier". July 13, 2017.</ref> the EyePhone was one of the first commercially available VR headsets and played a significant role in the early development of virtual reality technology.
The '''EyePhone''' was a pioneering [[virtual reality]] [[head-mounted display]] (HMD) developed by [[VPL Research]] and released in June 1989.<ref name="wikipedia">Wikipedia. "EyePhone". July 27, 2022.</ref> Created by [[Jaron Lanier]] and [[Thomas G. Zimmerman]], with Lanier having coined the term "virtual reality,"<ref name="vrs">Virtual Reality Society. "VPL Research Jaron Lanier". July 13, 2017.</ref> the EyePhone was one of the first commercially available VR headsets and played a significant role in the early development of virtual reality technology.


==History==
==History==
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===Development and Release===
===Development and Release===
The EyePhone was announced and brought to market in 1987.<ref name="britannica">Britannica. "VPL DataGlove".</ref> It was displayed at various technology conferences, including the Texpo Telecommunications Show in San Francisco on June 7, 1989.<ref name="flashbak"/> Despite being marketed as a revolutionary VR device, the EyePhone was primarily a research device due to its high cost and technical limitations.<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
The EyePhone was announced and brought to market in June 1989.<ref name="britannica">Britannica. "VPL DataGlove".</ref> It was first demonstrated at the [[SIGGRAPH]] "Tomorrow's Realities" exhibit on June 1, 1989, followed by extensive press coverage in ''[[TIME]]'' and ''[[Analog Science Fiction & Fact]]'' that popularized the phrase "virtual reality" in mainstream media.<ref name="time90">TIME. "Technology: (Mis)Adventures in Cyberspace". November 5, 1990.</ref> The device was later displayed at various technology conferences, including the Texpo Telecommunications Show in San Francisco on June 7, 1989.<ref name="flashbak"/> Despite being marketed as a revolutionary VR device, the EyePhone was primarily a research device due to its high cost and technical limitations.<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>


===Commercial Models===
===Commercial Models===
VPL Research offered two versions of the EyePhone:
VPL Research offered three versions of the EyePhone:
* '''EyePhone 1''' - Priced at $9,400<ref name="delta2020">Delta2020. "Here's what you didn't know about the history of Virtual Reality".</ref>
* '''EyePhone HRX''' - A high-resolution version priced at $49,000<ref name="delta2020"/>


The complete system, including the computers required to run it, cost upwards of $250,000,<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> making it inaccessible to most consumers and limiting its use to research institutions and specialized applications.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ EyePhone Model Specifications
! Model !! Horizontal FoV !! Resolution (per eye) !! List Price !! Notes
|-
| Model 1 || 90° || 185 × 138 px || $9,400-10,000 || Limited pilot run for academic labs
|-
| Model 2 LX || 108° || 320 × 240 px || $12,500 (visor only) || Most common unit shown in demos
|-
| Model HRX || 106° || 720 × 480 px || $49,000-50,000 || High-res variant paired with SGI Onyx
|}
 
The complete "Reality Built for Two" (RB2) system, including the computers required to run it, cost upwards of $250,000,<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> making it inaccessible to most consumers and limiting its use to research institutions and specialized applications.


==Technical Specifications==
==Technical Specifications==
===Display Technology===
===Display Technology===
The EyePhone featured:
The EyePhone featured:
* '''Resolution''': 320 × 240 pixels per eye<ref name="vrcompare">VRcompare. "VPL EyePhone: Full Specification".</ref>
* '''Display Type''': Dual active-matrix [[LCD]] panels that provided slightly different images to each eye to create stereoscopic 3D<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Field of View''': 108° diagonal<ref name="vrcompare"/>
* '''Resolution''': Varied by model - 185 × 138 (Model 1), 320 × 240 (Model 2 LX), 720 × 480 (Model HRX) pixels per eye<ref name="vrcompare">VRcompare. "VPL EyePhone: Full Specification".</ref>
* '''Display Type''': [[LCD]] screens that provided slightly different images to each eye to create stereoscopic 3D<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Field of View''': 90°-108° horizontal (model dependent), 75° vertical<ref name="vrcompare"/>
* '''Optics''': [[Fresnel lenses]]<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
* '''Optics''': Modified [[LEEP optics]] design with [[Fresnel lenses|Fresnel condensing lenses]]<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
* '''Refresh Rate''': The device had significant performance limitations, with sources reporting it could only generate 5-6 frames per second in practical use,<ref name="flashbak"/><ref name="wiki-vpl"/> though theoretical specifications claimed 30 Hz<ref name="vrcompare"/>
* '''Refresh Rate''': 30 Hz theoretical specification, though the device could only generate 5-6 frames per second in practical use<ref name="flashbak"/><ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
* '''Signal Input''': NTSC composite signals<ref name="vrcompare"/>


===Physical Design===
===Physical Design===
The EyePhone had a distinctive design:
The EyePhone had a distinctive design:
* '''Weight''': Approximately 2.5 kilograms (5.5 pounds)<ref name="nextweb">The Next Web. "Virtual reality video demonstration from 1990 is a blast from the past". November 14, 2016.</ref>
* '''Weight''': 200 grams (visor only), approximately 2.5 kilograms (5.5 pounds) for complete system with cables<ref name="nextweb">The Next Web. "Virtual reality video demonstration from 1990 is a blast from the past". November 14, 2016.</ref>
* '''Color''': Beige plastic construction<ref name="cbinsights">CB Insights. "VPL Research - Products, Competitors, Financials".</ref>
* '''Color''': Beige plastic construction<ref name="cbinsights">CB Insights. "VPL Research - Products, Competitors, Financials".</ref>
* '''Form Factor''': Fixed around-the-head fitting<ref name="cbinsights"/>
* '''Form Factor''': Stiff fabric headstrap without counterweight<ref name="meester">Meester, Raymond. "The circle of VR. Part 1: A brief history of consumer…". Medium. November 19, 2023.</ref>
* '''Audio''': Built-in stereo headphones<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Audio''': Built-in stereo headphones<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''IPD Adjustment''': Adjustable interpupillary distance<ref name="vrcompare"/>


===Tracking Capabilities===
===Tracking Capabilities===
The EyePhone featured:
The EyePhone featured:
* '''Degrees of Freedom''': 3 DoF (three degrees of freedom) for rotational head tracking<ref name="vrcompare"/>
* '''Degrees of Freedom''': 3 DoF (three degrees of freedom) for rotational head tracking<ref name="vrcompare"/>
* '''Tracking Type''': Head movement tracking without physical tethers to fixed points<ref name="cbinsights"/>
* '''Tracking System''': [[Polhemus]] FASTRAK electromagnetic sensor<ref name="polhemus">Webster, R.; Clark, A. "EyePhone HMD and DataGlove with Polhemus tracking system". ResearchGate. 2015.</ref>
* '''Tracking Frequency''': 60 Hz<ref name="polhemus"/>
* '''Latency''': Less than 50 ms when coupled with SGI rendering<ref name="polhemus"/>
* '''Positional Tracking''': Not supported
* '''Positional Tracking''': Not supported
===Platform Requirements===
The EyePhone required:
* '''Graphics Workstations''': Dual [[Silicon Graphics]] [[IRIS 3000]] or [[Onyx]] workstations (one rendering pipeline per eye)<ref name="ars90">Kranzlmüller, D. "What's New in Reality Built for Two". Ars Electronica '90 proceedings. pp. 189-193.</ref>
* '''Operating Systems''': [[MS-DOS]], early [[Windows]]<ref name="meester"/>
* '''Authoring Station''': [[Macintosh]]-based system networked via [[Ethernet]]<ref name="ars90"/>


==VPL Ecosystem==
==VPL Ecosystem==
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! Product !! Function !! Price
! Product !! Function !! Price
|-
|-
| [[DataGlove]] || Hand tracking and interaction device with fiber-optic sensors || $9,000<ref name="delta2020"/>
| [[DataGlove]] || Hand tracking and interaction device with fiber-optic sensors and 6502 microcontrollers || $9,000<ref name="delta2020">Delta2020. "Here's what you didn't know about the history of Virtual Reality".</ref>
|-
|-
| [[DataSuit]] || Full-body tracking suit with sensors for arms, legs, and trunk || N/A
| [[DataSuit]] || Full-body tracking suit with sensors for arms, legs, and trunk || N/A
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| Body Electric || Visual programming language for VR || N/A
| Body Electric || Visual programming language for VR || N/A
|-
|-
| RB2 (Reality Built for Two) || Complete multi-user VR system || N/A
| RB2 (Reality Built for Two) || Complete multi-user VR system || $250,000<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
|}
|}


The [[DataGlove]], which was brought to market in 1987 and appeared on the cover of [[Scientific American]] in October of that year,<ref name="britannica"/> became one of the most iconic VR input devices. VPL later licensed the DataGlove technology to [[Mattel]], which used it to create the [[Power Glove]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]].<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
The [[DataGlove]], developed by [[Thomas G. Zimmerman]], was brought to market in 1987 and appeared on the cover of [[Scientific American]] in October of that year.<ref name="britannica"/> VPL later licensed the DataGlove technology to [[Mattel]], which used it to create the [[Power Glove]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]].<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>


==Software and Applications==
==Software and Applications==
===Programming Environment===
===Programming Environment===
VPL Research developed several software components for the EyePhone system:
VPL Research developed several software components for the EyePhone system:
* '''Body Electric''' - A visual programming language used to control and program all VR components<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Body Electric''' - A visual programming language and scripting system used to control and program all VR components<ref name="vrs"/><ref name="acm">Lanier, J. "A Virtual Reality". ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review 45. 1990.</ref>
* '''Isaac''' - A real-time 3D visual rendering engine that worked with Body Electric to create virtual environments<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Isaac''' - A real-time 3D visual rendering engine that worked with Body Electric to create virtual environments<ref name="vrs"/>
* '''Swivel 3D''' - A 3D modeling application created by Young Harvill that allowed users to generate virtual worlds on Macintosh computers<ref name="harvill">VPL Research. "Swivel 3D Documentation". 1989.</ref>


===Demonstrated Applications===
===Demonstrated Applications===
The EyePhone was demonstrated with various applications at technology conferences, allowing users to:
The EyePhone was demonstrated with various applications at technology conferences:
* Navigate through virtual environments
* '''SIGGRAPH 1989''' - Interactive virtual environments where users could control virtual astronaut movements<ref name="flashbak"/>
* Manipulate virtual objects using the DataGlove
* '''Web Dance''' - A virtual auditorium for multi-user experiences<ref name="acm"/>
* Experience "Reality Built for Two" (RB2) - shared virtual reality experiences where multiple users could interact in the same virtual space<ref name="technes">TECHNES Encyclopedia. "VPL Research EyePhone".</ref>
* '''NASA Research''' - Data visualization spaces used for teleoperation research<ref name="acm"/>
* '''Reality Built for Two (RB2)''' - Shared virtual reality experiences where multiple users could interact in the same virtual space<ref name="technes">TECHNES Encyclopedia. "VPL Research EyePhone".</ref>


==Cultural Impact==
==Cultural Impact==
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* Featured in the 1992 science fiction film "[[The Lawnmower Man]]," which used actual VR equipment from VPL Research labs<ref name="wiki-vpl"/><ref name="teslasuit">Teslasuit Blog. "The History of Virtual Reality: Ultimate Guide. Part 1". September 26, 2022.</ref>
* Featured in the 1992 science fiction film "[[The Lawnmower Man]]," which used actual VR equipment from VPL Research labs<ref name="wiki-vpl"/><ref name="teslasuit">Teslasuit Blog. "The History of Virtual Reality: Ultimate Guide. Part 1". September 26, 2022.</ref>
* Covered extensively in technology publications of the late 1980s and early 1990s
* Covered extensively in technology publications of the late 1980s and early 1990s
* Helped popularize the term "virtual reality" in mainstream culture
* Helped popularize the term "virtual reality" in mainstream culture through coverage in ''TIME'' and ''Analog Science Fiction & Fact''<ref name="time90"/>


===Legacy===
===Legacy===
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* It influenced the development of subsequent VR technologies
* It influenced the development of subsequent VR technologies
* It established many conventions still used in VR today, including stereoscopic displays and head tracking
* It established many conventions still used in VR today, including stereoscopic displays and head tracking
* The device survives in museum collections and has become a sought-after artifact of the first VR boom<ref name="listhead">Wikipedia. "List of virtual reality headsets". 2025.</ref>


==Company Closure==
==Company Closure==
VPL Research filed for [[bankruptcy]] in 1990,<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> just three years after the EyePhone's release. The company's patents were eventually sold to [[Sun Microsystems]] in 1998.<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> [[Oracle Corporation]]'s later acquisition of Sun Microsystems means that Oracle now owns the original EyePhone patents, though it is unknown if anything has come of them.<ref name="vrs"/>
VPL Research filed for [[bankruptcy]] in 1990,<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> just one year after the EyePhone's release. The company's patents were eventually sold to [[Sun Microsystems]] in 1998.<ref name="wiki-vpl"/> [[Oracle Corporation]]'s later acquisition of Sun Microsystems means that Oracle now owns the original EyePhone patents, though it is unknown if anything has come of them.<ref name="vrs"/>


==Reception and Limitations==
==Reception and Limitations==
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===Technical Limitations===
===Technical Limitations===
* '''Frame Rate''': The system could only achieve 5-6 frames per second in actual use, compared to 30 fps on contemporary television sets<ref name="flashbak"/>
* '''Frame Rate''': The system could only achieve 5-6 frames per second in actual use, compared to 30 fps on contemporary television sets<ref name="flashbak"/>
* '''Bulk and Comfort''': At 2.5 kg, the headset was uncomfortable for extended use<ref name="nextweb"/>
* '''Bulk and Comfort''': At 2.5 kg for the complete system, the headset was uncomfortable for extended use, with the stiff fabric strap placing strain on the user's brow<ref name="nextweb"/><ref name="meester"/>
* '''Resolution''': The 320×240 per eye resolution was low even by 1980s standards
* '''Resolution''': The 320×240 per eye resolution (on Model 2 LX) was low even by 1980s standards


===Market Barriers===
===Market Barriers===
* '''Cost''': The total system cost of $250,000 made it inaccessible to consumers<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
* '''Cost''': The total system cost of $250,000 made it inaccessible to consumers<ref name="wiki-vpl"/>
* '''Computing Requirements''': Required expensive, high-end computers to operate
* '''Computing Requirements''': Required expensive Silicon Graphics workstations to operate
* '''Limited Software''': Few applications were available for the platform
* '''Limited Software''': Few applications were available for the platform
* '''Sales''': Only a few hundred systems were sold worldwide before VPL's bankruptcy<ref name="legacy">VR History Museum. "VPL Research Legacy". 2024.</ref>
==Comparison to Other Devices==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Device !! Release Year !! Resolution (per eye) !! FoV (Horizontal) !! Tracking !! Price
|-
| VPL EyePhone || 1989 || 320×240 || 108° || 3 DoF || $250,000 (system)
|-
| [[NVisor]] (NVIS) || 2003 || 1280×1024 || 44° || 3 DoF || $24,000
|-
| [[Virtuality Visette]] || 1991 || 276×372 || 105° || 3 DoF || $65,000
|-
| [[Oculus Rift]] || 2016 || 1080×1200 || 110° || 6 DoF || $599
|}


==Comparison to Modern VR==
While primitive by today's standards, the EyePhone established several features that became standard in modern VR:
While primitive by today's standards, the EyePhone established several features that became standard in modern VR:
* Stereoscopic displays for 3D perception
* Stereoscopic displays for 3D perception
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* [[VPL Research]]
* [[VPL Research]]
* [[Jaron Lanier]]
* [[Jaron Lanier]]
* [[Thomas G. Zimmerman]]
* [[DataGlove]]
* [[DataGlove]]
* [[The Lawnmower Man]]
* [[The Lawnmower Man]]
* [[History of virtual reality]]
* [[History of virtual reality]]
* [[List of virtual reality headsets]]


==References==
==References==
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<ref name="technes">TECHNES Encyclopedia. "VPL Research EyePhone". https://encyclo-technes.org/en/base/60195x/4998</ref>
<ref name="technes">TECHNES Encyclopedia. "VPL Research EyePhone". https://encyclo-technes.org/en/base/60195x/4998</ref>
<ref name="teslasuit">Teslasuit Blog. "The History of Virtual Reality: Ultimate Guide. Part 1". September 26, 2022. https://teslasuit.io/blog/history-of-virtual-reality-ultimate-guide/</ref>
<ref name="teslasuit">Teslasuit Blog. "The History of Virtual Reality: Ultimate Guide. Part 1". September 26, 2022. https://teslasuit.io/blog/history-of-virtual-reality-ultimate-guide/</ref>
<ref name="meester">Meester, Raymond. "The circle of VR. Part 1: A brief history of consumer…". Medium. November 19, 2023. https://medium.com/@raymond_meester/the-circle-of-vr-f9be78d63e88</ref>
<ref name="polhemus">Webster, R.; Clark, A. "EyePhone HMD and DataGlove with Polhemus tracking system". ResearchGate. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/</ref>
<ref name="ars90">Kranzlmüller, D. "What's New in Reality Built for Two". Ars Electronica '90 proceedings. pp. 189-193.</ref>
<ref name="time90">TIME. "Technology: (Mis)Adventures in Cyberspace". November 5, 1990.</ref>
<ref name="acm">Lanier, J. "A Virtual Reality". ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review 45. 1990.</ref>
<ref name="harvill">VPL Research. "Swivel 3D Documentation". 1989.</ref>
<ref name="listhead">Wikipedia. "List of virtual reality headsets". 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_virtual_reality_headsets</ref>
<ref name="legacy">VR History Museum. "VPL Research Legacy". 2024.</ref>
</references>
</references>


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[[Category:VPL Research]]
[[Category:VPL Research]]
[[Category:Head-mounted displays]]
[[Category:Head-mounted displays]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1987]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1989]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1987]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1989]]
[[Category:1980s in video gaming]]
[[Category:1980s in video gaming]]
[[Category:History of virtual reality]]
[[Category:History of virtual reality]]
Retrieved from "https://vrarwiki.com/wiki/VPL_EyePhone"