I-O Display Systems: Difference between revisions
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'''I-O Display Systems, LLC''' (originally styled '''Virtual i·O''') was an American technology company that specialized in the development and manufacturing of [[head-mounted display]]s (HMDs). Founded in 1993 in Seattle, Washington by entrepreneurs [[Greg Amadon]] and [[Linden Rhoads]], the company is best known for its ''i-glasses'' product line, which provided personal display systems for [[virtual reality]] (VR) and video applications.<ref name="PSBJMar97"> | '''I-O Display Systems, LLC''' (originally styled '''Virtual i·O''') was an American technology company that specialized in the development and manufacturing of [[head-mounted display]]s (HMDs). Founded in 1993 in Seattle, Washington by entrepreneurs [[Greg Amadon]] and [[Linden Rhoads]], the company is best known for its ''i-glasses'' product line, which provided personal display systems for [[virtual reality]] (VR) and video applications.<ref name="PSBJMar97">"Financial reality pressures Virtual i‑O into Chapter 11", Puget Sound Business Journal, March 16, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/03/17/story6.html</ref> The company was a significant pioneer in the early consumer VR market of the 1990s, attracting almost US$20 million in venture funding before filing for bankruptcy in 1997.<ref name="PSBJMay97">"Effort to salvage Virtual i‑O fails", Puget Sound Business Journal, May 25, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/05/26/story4.html</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Origins and Formation (1993-1997)=== | ===Origins and Formation (1993-1997)=== | ||
I-O Display Systems began as Virtual i·O, founded in 1993 by Greg Amadon, a former Microsoft engineer, and attorney Linden Rhoads. The company attracted early investment after demonstrating a stereoscopic viewer prototype to cable-TV magnate John Malone, whose Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI) became the company's lead investor.<ref name="3DOWorld"> | I-O Display Systems began as Virtual i·O, founded in 1993 by Greg Amadon, a former Microsoft engineer, and attorney Linden Rhoads. The company attracted early investment after demonstrating a stereoscopic viewer prototype to cable-TV magnate John Malone, whose Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI) became the company's lead investor.<ref name="3DOWorld">"IGlasses", 3DO World, https://3do.world/index.php?title=IGlasses, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
By late 1994, the firm had developed prototypes using dual 0.7-inch LCDs and an in-house "sourceless orientation sensor," which was later patented in the United States.<ref name="JustiaSensor"> | By late 1994, the firm had developed prototypes using dual 0.7-inch LCDs and an in-house "sourceless orientation sensor," which was later patented in the United States.<ref name="JustiaSensor">"Sourceless orientation sensor", US Patent 5526022, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., June 11, 1996</ref> The first retail models reached North American shelves in May 1995. | ||
In 1997, the original Virtual i·O was restructured as I-O Display Systems, LLC ("IOD"), formed as a new venture between Ilixco, a privately held display technology company, and Liberty Media Group, an AT&T company with interests in video programming, communications technology, and Internet businesses.<ref name="SistematicsFormed"> | In 1997, the original Virtual i·O was restructured as I-O Display Systems, LLC ("IOD"), formed as a new venture between Ilixco, a privately held display technology company, and Liberty Media Group, an AT&T company with interests in video programming, communications technology, and Internet businesses.<ref name="SistematicsFormed">"Listado de productos por marca I-O Display Systems", Sistematics.com, https://www.sistematics.com/en/i-o-display-systems-m-353.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> Ilixco itself was a holding company formed in 1996 by Jeffrey Fergason, son of James Fergason (founder of the first [[Liquid Crystal Display|LCD]] manufacturer, ILIXCO, in 1968). The new Ilixco held controlling interests in I-O Display Systems and Razor Digital Entertainment.<ref name="LXDCorp">"LXD Incorporated - Wikipedia", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXD_Incorporated, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
===Bankruptcy and Closure (1997)=== | ===Bankruptcy and Closure (1997)=== | ||
Despite gaining market share in the emerging VR headset market, the company faced financial difficulties as consumer VR adoption grew slower than anticipated. Co-founders Amadon and Rhoads resigned in January 1997, and Virtual i·O filed for Chapter 11 protection on March 14, reporting US$9.7 million in assets against US$21.6 million in liabilities—most owed to TCI and Thomson SA.<ref name="PSBJMar97"/> | Despite gaining market share in the emerging VR headset market, the company faced financial difficulties as consumer VR adoption grew slower than anticipated. Co-founders Amadon and Rhoads resigned in January 1997, and Virtual i·O filed for Chapter 11 protection on March 14, reporting US$9.7 million in assets against US$21.6 million in liabilities—most owed to TCI and Thomson SA.<ref name="PSBJMar97"/> | ||
Annual headset returns peaked at 30 percent owing to fragile cables and dust ingress,<ref name="Tampa97"> | Annual headset returns peaked at 30 percent owing to fragile cables and dust ingress,<ref name="Tampa97">"Reality has not lived up to the promise for virtual‑reality games", Tampa Bay Times, 28 Sep 1997, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1997/09/28/reality-has-not-lived-up-to-the-promise-for-virtual-reality-games/</ref> further complicating the company's financial position. A court-appointed turnaround team failed to secure a buyer, and operations ceased on April 30, 1997; the remaining assets reverted to TCI the following month.<ref name="PSBJMay97"/> | ||
The company's intellectual property and brand would later be utilized in continued development of i-glasses products into the early 2000s. | The company's intellectual property and brand would later be utilized in continued development of i-glasses products into the early 2000s. | ||
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! Model Name !! Key Features !! Resolution (per eye where applicable) !! Virtual Screen Size !! Weight !! Connectivity !! Notes | ! Model Name !! Key Features !! Resolution (per eye where applicable) !! Virtual Screen Size !! Weight !! Connectivity !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''i-glasses (Original/PC Version)''' || Full color video, [[stereoscopic 3D]] capable, optional head tracking, see-through capability ("VideoMute"), could be worn with eyeglasses.<ref name="MindfluxPC"> | | '''i-glasses (Original/PC Version)''' || Full color video, [[stereoscopic 3D]] capable, optional head tracking, see-through capability ("VideoMute"), could be worn with eyeglasses.<ref name="MindfluxPC">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassespcd.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 640x480 || Claimed equivalent to an 80-inch screen from 13 feet.<ref name="MindfluxPC"/> || Approximately 8 ounces (227g) || PC (VGA), Video (Sega, Nintendo, Atari, 3DO) || Released May 1995 at US$549.<ref name="VRShop">"Virtual IO I‑Glasses – Specs and Info", The VR Shop, 14 Feb 2022, https://www.virtual-reality-shop.co.uk/virtual-io-i-glasses/</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''i-glasses SVGA''' || Portable monitor, flicker-free (120Hz refresh), built-in stereo headphones, adjustable color/brightness/contrast.<ref name="MindfluxSVGA"> | | '''i-glasses SVGA''' || Portable monitor, flicker-free (120Hz refresh), built-in stereo headphones, adjustable color/brightness/contrast.<ref name="MindfluxSVGA">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses SVGA - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassessvga.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> Supported frame sequential stereo with nVidia game drivers or other applications (optional stereo version).<ref name="ManualsLibSVGA">"IO Display Systems i-glasses User Manual - ManualsLib", ManualsLib, https://www.manualslib.com/manual/110089/Io-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html?page=1#manual, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 800x600 (scaled from VGA/SVGA/XGA) || Virtual image of a 90cm screen from 2m (approximately 35 inches from 6.5 feet) || 7 ounces (198g) || VGA || Released 1998 at US$699 for 3D version.<ref>"i‑glasses SVGA product sheet", Mindflux Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20000818064717/http://www.mindflux.com.au/products/io-display/iglassesSVGA.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''i-glasses HRV''' || High-resolution video monitor for camcorders, VCRs, DVDs. Intended for patient comfort in dental/medical settings.<ref name="PearsonDentalHRV"> | | '''i-glasses HRV''' || High-resolution video monitor for camcorders, VCRs, DVDs. Intended for patient comfort in dental/medical settings.<ref name="PearsonDentalHRV">"I-Glasses HRV (iO Display Systems) | Dental Product", Pearson Dental Supply, https://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=6655&catid=4529&subcatid=7091&pid=35311, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 640x480 (each eye) || Equivalent to viewing a 70-inch monitor from 13 feet<ref name="jpdhrv">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || Not specified || S-Video, RCA stereo-audio, composite video (Incompatible with computer signals for the Pro version) || A "Pro" version offered better video quality and contrast. Released 1999 at US$499.<ref name="VRShop"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''i-glasses HRV Pro''' || Introduced in April 2003, used Three Five Systems Z86D-3 microdisplays<ref name="jpdhrv"/> || 800x600 (1.44 million pixels per display) || Equivalent to viewing a 70-inch monitor from 13 feet || Not specified || S-Video, composite video || Priced at $1,199 for 2D version and $1,499 for 3D-capable version in 2003.<ref name="jpdhrv"/> | | '''i-glasses HRV Pro''' || Introduced in April 2003, used Three Five Systems Z86D-3 microdisplays<ref name="jpdhrv"/> || 800x600 (1.44 million pixels per display) || Equivalent to viewing a 70-inch monitor from 13 feet || Not specified || S-Video, composite video || Priced at $1,199 for 2D version and $1,499 for 3D-capable version in 2003.<ref name="jpdhrv"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses (GVD310)''' || Marketed for private entertainment in vehicles, public transport, and for hospital patients.<ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310"> | | '''Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses (GVD310)''' || Marketed for private entertainment in vehicles, public transport, and for hospital patients.<ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310">"Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses Virtual Reality Head-Mount Display (HMD) LCD - Rocky Americas", Rocky Americas, http://www.rockyamericas.com/gvd310.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 180,000 pixels (800 x 225) || Virtual 36-inch screen from 6 feet || 7 ounces (198g) for head-wear part || RCA type AV source with 2-channel stereo audio (DVD, VCD, VCR, MP4, Game Console, PC, Digital Camera, Video Camera) || Featured detachable Dolby surrounding stereo earphones and on-unit controls for volume, brightness, and contrast. | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===i-Theater=== | ===i-Theater=== | ||
The i-Theater was marketed as a lightweight mobile video eyewear.<ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven"> | The i-Theater was marketed as a lightweight mobile video eyewear.<ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven">"iTheater by iGlasses IO Display - Ultimate3DHeaven", Ultimate3DHeaven, https://www.ultimate3dheaven.com/itbyigiodi.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
* '''Resolution:''' QVGA (320x240), 230,000 pixels per [[LCD]] | * '''Resolution:''' QVGA (320x240), 230,000 pixels per [[LCD]] | ||
* '''[[Field of View|Field of View (FoV)]]:''' 25 Degrees Diagonal | * '''[[Field of View|Field of View (FoV)]]:''' 25 Degrees Diagonal | ||
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Key technological innovations included: | Key technological innovations included: | ||
* '''Catadioptric fiber‑optic faceplate optics''' – eliminated bulky relay lenses for a lighter visor.<ref name="Patent5642227"> | * '''Catadioptric fiber‑optic faceplate optics''' – eliminated bulky relay lenses for a lighter visor.<ref name="Patent5642227">"Optical correction for virtual‑reality and heads‑up displays", US Patent 5642227, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., 24 Jun 1997</ref> | ||
* '''Optical Design''': The i-glasses utilized an optical system that allowed for both immersive viewing and see-through capability (via the VideoMute feature). | * '''Optical Design''': The i-glasses utilized an optical system that allowed for both immersive viewing and see-through capability (via the VideoMute feature). | ||
* '''Display Technology''': Over the years, the company transitioned from lower-resolution displays to SVGA-compatible microdisplays. | * '''Display Technology''': Over the years, the company transitioned from lower-resolution displays to SVGA-compatible microdisplays. | ||
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* '''Stereoscopic 3D''': Some models supported stereoscopic 3D viewing, which was compatible with specific graphics cards and software. | * '''Stereoscopic 3D''': Some models supported stereoscopic 3D viewing, which was compatible with specific graphics cards and software. | ||
The company also held patents related to personal visual display systems, head-mounted display apparatus, depixelated visual displays, and optically corrected helmet-mounted displays.<ref name="GooglePatents5903395A"> | The company also held patents related to personal visual display systems, head-mounted display apparatus, depixelated visual displays, and optically corrected helmet-mounted displays.<ref name="GooglePatents5903395A">"US5903395A - Personal visual display system - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5903395A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref><ref name="GooglePatents5991085A">"US5991085A - Head-mounted personal visual display apparatus with image generator and holder - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5991085A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
==Market Position and Competition== | ==Market Position and Competition== | ||
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* '''Canon''' with their HMDs | * '''Canon''' with their HMDs | ||
The i-glasses products were generally positioned as more affordable alternatives to high-end professional VR systems while offering better quality than the most basic HMDs. Contemporary reviews often compared the i-glasses favorably to competitors like the VFX1 in terms of comfort and ease of use, though sometimes noting trade-offs in display quality or immersion.<ref name="vfxtest"> | The i-glasses products were generally positioned as more affordable alternatives to high-end professional VR systems while offering better quality than the most basic HMDs. Contemporary reviews often compared the i-glasses favorably to competitors like the VFX1 in terms of comfort and ease of use, though sometimes noting trade-offs in display quality or immersion.<ref name="vfxtest">"VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses", https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
=== Market Reception === | === Market Reception === | ||
Early press coverage praised the light weight (227g) and competitive price compared with the Sony Glasstron, yet criticized visible pixelation and limited software support.<ref name="Wired99"> | Early press coverage praised the light weight (227g) and competitive price compared with the Sony Glasstron, yet criticized visible pixelation and limited software support.<ref name="Wired99">"Little Big Screen", Wired, 1 Aug 1999, https://www.wired.com/1999/08/little-big-screen</ref> Analysts at TWICE magazine cited insufficient in-store demonstrations and fragile demo units as key barriers to mainstream adoption.<ref name="PSBJMay97"/> | ||
By late 1996, the company was shipping roughly 300 units per month, with professional and medical buyers representing 25 percent of volume.<ref name="3DOWorld"/> Despite modest early sales—about 30,000 units went to U.S. dentists alone for chair-side "patient distraction" video<ref name="Wired99"/>—revenue fell short of projections, contributing to the company's financial difficulties. | By late 1996, the company was shipping roughly 300 units per month, with professional and medical buyers representing 25 percent of volume.<ref name="3DOWorld"/> Despite modest early sales—about 30,000 units went to U.S. dentists alone for chair-side "patient distraction" video<ref name="Wired99"/>—revenue fell short of projections, contributing to the company's financial difficulties. | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
I-O Display Systems was one of the longest-running companies in the early consumer HMD market. The company was described as "one of the longest, most tenacious companies in this business" that "pioneered wearable, semi-comfortable headsets" designed to work with both PCs and video sources.<ref name="jpd"> | I-O Display Systems was one of the longest-running companies in the early consumer HMD market. The company was described as "one of the longest, most tenacious companies in this business" that "pioneered wearable, semi-comfortable headsets" designed to work with both PCs and video sources.<ref name="jpd">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
The company's contributions to VR technology include: | The company's contributions to VR technology include: | ||
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3. **Technological Advancements**: The challenges and innovations addressed by I-O Display Systems and its contemporaries helped pave the way for the more sophisticated immersive technologies available today. | 3. **Technological Advancements**: The challenges and innovations addressed by I-O Display Systems and its contemporaries helped pave the way for the more sophisticated immersive technologies available today. | ||
4. **Historical Significance**: Surviving i-glasses units remain a reference platform for retro-VR enthusiasts and museums such as the Deutsches Museum in Munich.<ref> | 4. **Historical Significance**: Surviving i-glasses units remain a reference platform for retro-VR enthusiasts and museums such as the Deutsches Museum in Munich.<ref>"Virtual i‑O i‑glasses! Personal 3D Viewer", Google Arts & Culture, https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/virtual-i-o-i-glasses-personal-3d-viewer-head-mounted-display/4wHrXHZrWs9ZBA, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
While I-O Display Systems is no longer in operation, its products represented an important step in the evolution of consumer [[virtual reality]] technology. The company's efforts to create accessible HMDs helped introduce the concept of personal virtual displays to a broader audience during a period when the technology was still in its early stages of development. | While I-O Display Systems is no longer in operation, its products represented an important step in the evolution of consumer [[virtual reality]] technology. The company's efforts to create accessible HMDs helped introduce the concept of personal virtual displays to a broader audience during a period when the technology was still in its early stages of development. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="SistematicsFormed"> | <ref name="SistematicsFormed">"Listado de productos por marca I-O Display Systems", Sistematics.com, https://www.sistematics.com/en/i-o-display-systems-m-353.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="MindfluxSVGA"> | <ref name="MindfluxSVGA">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses SVGA - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassessvga.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="VRARWiki"> | <ref name="VRARWiki">"I-O Display Systems - Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality Wiki - VR AR & XR Wiki", xinreality.com, https://xinreality.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=I-O_Display_Systems, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven"> | <ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven">"iTheater by iGlasses IO Display - Ultimate3DHeaven", Ultimate3DHeaven, https://www.ultimate3dheaven.com/itbyigiodi.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="CNETHRVReview"> | <ref name="CNETHRVReview">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses HRV review", CNET, October 29, 2003, https://www.cnet.com/reviews/i-o-display-systems-i-glasses-hrv-review/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="LXDCorp"> | <ref name="LXDCorp">"LXD Incorporated - Wikipedia", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXD_Incorporated, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="PatentsMenloPark"> | <ref name="PatentsMenloPark">"Virtual reality system - Google Patents (see Assignee details for i-O Display systems, LLC)", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US7224326B2/en, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="GooglePatents5903395A"> | <ref name="GooglePatents5903395A">"US5903395A - Personal visual display system - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5903395A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="GooglePatents5991085A"> | <ref name="GooglePatents5991085A">"US5991085A - Head-mounted personal visual display apparatus with image generator and holder - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5991085A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="MindfluxPC"> | <ref name="MindfluxPC">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassespcd.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="ManualsLibSVGA"> | <ref name="ManualsLibSVGA">"IO Display Systems i-glasses User Manual - ManualsLib", ManualsLib, https://www.manualslib.com/manual/110089/Io-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html?page=1#manual, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="PearsonDentalHRV"> | <ref name="PearsonDentalHRV">"I-Glasses HRV (iO Display Systems) | Dental Product", Pearson Dental Supply, https://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=6655&catid=4529&subcatid=7091&pid=35311, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310"> | <ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310">"Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses Virtual Reality Head-Mount Display (HMD) LCD - Rocky Americas", Rocky Americas, http://www.rockyamericas.com/gvd310.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="jpdhrv"> | <ref name="jpdhrv">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="vfxtest"> | <ref name="vfxtest">"VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses", https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="jpd"> | <ref name="jpd">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="PSBJMar97"> | <ref name="PSBJMar97">"Financial reality pressures Virtual i‑O into Chapter 11", Puget Sound Business Journal, March 16, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/03/17/story6.html</ref> | ||
<ref name="PSBJMay97"> | <ref name="PSBJMay97">"Effort to salvage Virtual i‑O fails", Puget Sound Business Journal, May 25, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/05/26/story4.html</ref> | ||
<ref name="3DOWorld"> | <ref name="3DOWorld">"IGlasses", 3DO World, https://3do.world/index.php?title=IGlasses, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> | ||
<ref name="JustiaSensor"> | <ref name="JustiaSensor">"Sourceless orientation sensor", US Patent 5526022, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., June 11, 1996</ref> | ||
<ref name="Tampa97"> | <ref name="Tampa97">"Reality has not lived up to the promise for virtual‑reality games", Tampa Bay Times, 28 Sep 1997, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1997/09/28/reality-has-not-lived-up-to-the-promise-for-virtual-reality-games/</ref> | ||
<ref name="VRShop"> | <ref name="VRShop">"Virtual IO I‑Glasses – Specs and Info", The VR Shop, 14 Feb 2022, https://www.virtual-reality-shop.co.uk/virtual-io-i-glasses/</ref> | ||
<ref name="Patent5642227"> | <ref name="Patent5642227">"Optical correction for virtual‑reality and heads‑up displays", US Patent 5642227, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., 24 Jun 1997</ref> | ||
<ref name="Wired99"> | <ref name="Wired99">"Little Big Screen", Wired, 1 Aug 1999, https://www.wired.com/1999/08/little-big-screen</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
[[Category:Companies]] | [[Category:Companies]] | ||
[[Category:Virtual Reality | [[Category:Virtual Reality Companies]] | ||
[[Category:Display technology]] | [[Category:Display technology]] | ||
[[Category:1990s technology]] | [[Category:1990s technology]] | ||
[[Category:Defunct technology companies of the United States]] | [[Category:Defunct technology companies of the United States]] | ||