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In the early 1990s, researchers at the University of Washington’s Human Interface Technology Lab (HIT Lab), led by VR pioneer [[Thomas A. Furness III]], explored advanced 3D interfaces. A spin-off company, Worldesign Inc., founded by Dr. Robert Jacobson, used "Spatial Computing" to describe human interaction within immersive 3D environments at room scale, demonstrating concepts like a virtual Giza Plateau reconstruction in 1993.<ref name="HandwikiHistory"/><ref name="VentureBeatJacobson">Dean Takahashi (June 2023). "With Vision Pro launched, companies must talk about XR, nausea and gender." VentureBeat. (“…‘spatial computing’ — a term that was actually coined in the early 90s by Dr. Bob Jacobson, founder of Worldesign…”)​</ref> An academic publication "Spatial Computing: Issues in Vision, Multimedia and Visualization Technologies" (1997) by T. Caelli and H. Bunke further introduced the term academically.<ref name="HandwikiHistory"/>
In the early 1990s, researchers at the University of Washington’s Human Interface Technology Lab (HIT Lab), led by VR pioneer [[Thomas A. Furness III]], explored advanced 3D interfaces. A spin-off company, Worldesign Inc., founded by Dr. Robert Jacobson, used "Spatial Computing" to describe human interaction within immersive 3D environments at room scale, demonstrating concepts like a virtual Giza Plateau reconstruction in 1993.<ref name="HandwikiHistory"/><ref name="VentureBeatJacobson">Dean Takahashi (June 2023). "With Vision Pro launched, companies must talk about XR, nausea and gender." VentureBeat. (“…‘spatial computing’ — a term that was actually coined in the early 90s by Dr. Bob Jacobson, founder of Worldesign…”)​</ref> An academic publication "Spatial Computing: Issues in Vision, Multimedia and Visualization Technologies" (1997) by T. Caelli and H. Bunke further introduced the term academically.<ref name="HandwikiHistory"/>


The term gained significant traction following [[Simon Greenwold]]'s 2003 Master's thesis at the [[MIT Media Lab]].<ref name="GreenwoldThesis"/> Greenwold defined it as "human interaction with a machine in which the machine retains and manipulates referents to real objects and spaces," emphasizing machines becoming "fuller partners in our work and play."<ref name="TechTargetGreenwoldQuote">Simon Greenwold (June 2003). Spatial Computing (Master’s thesis, MIT Media Arts & Sciences) - as quoted in TechTarget, Feb 2024.</ref> This coincided with growing research in [[context-aware computing]] and ambient interfaces.
The term gained significant traction following [[Simon Greenwold]]'s 2003 Master's thesis at the [[MIT Media Lab]].<ref name="GreenwoldThesis"/> Greenwold defined it as "human interaction with a machine in which the machine retains and manipulates referents to real objects and spaces," emphasizing machines becoming "fuller partners in our work and play."<ref name="TechTargetGreenwoldQuote"></ref> This coincided with growing research in [[context-aware computing]] and ambient interfaces.


Commercial developments accelerated in the 2010s:
Commercial developments accelerated in the 2010s:
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<references>
<references>
<ref name="GreenwoldThesis">Greenwold, Simon A. "Spatial Computing". MIT Master's Thesis, June 2003. [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/87460 Link]</ref>
<ref name="GreenwoldThesis">Greenwold, Simon A. "Spatial Computing". MIT Master's Thesis, June 2003. [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/87460 Link]</ref>
<ref name="TechTargetGreenwoldQuote">Simon Greenwold (June 2003). Spatial Computing (Master’s thesis, MIT Media Arts & Sciences) - as quoted in TechTarget, Feb 2024.</ref>
<ref name="TechTargetGreenwoldQuote">Alexander Gillis & George Lawton (Feb 7 2024). “What is spatial computing?” *TechTarget*. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/spatial-computing </ref>
<ref name="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft. (2016). "HoloLens: Mixed Reality." Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft. (2016). "HoloLens: Mixed Reality." Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens</ref>
<ref name="Magic Leap One">Magic Leap. (2018). "Magic Leap One Creator Edition." Retrieved from https://www.magicleap.com/en-us</ref>
<ref name="Magic Leap One">Magic Leap (Jan 23 2025). “Magic Leap 1 End‑of‑Life notice.” Magic Leap Care Knowledge‑Base. https://care.magicleap.com/hc/en-us/articles/360047675792 </ref>
<ref name="ARKit">Apple Developer. "ARKit." Retrieved from https://developer.apple.com/augmented-reality/arkit/</ref>
<ref name="ARKit">Apple Developer. "ARKit." Retrieved from https://developer.apple.com/augmented-reality/arkit/</ref>
<ref name="ARCore">Google Developers. "ARCore." Retrieved from https://developers.google.com/ar</ref>
<ref name="ARCore">Google Developers. "ARCore." Retrieved from https://developers.google.com/ar</ref>
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<ref name="OculusQuest">Meta Quest. Retrieved from https://www.meta.com/quest/</ref>
<ref name="OculusQuest">Meta Quest. Retrieved from https://www.meta.com/quest/</ref>
<ref name="VisionProAnnounce">Apple Newsroom. "Introducing Apple Vision Pro: Apple’s first spatial computer." June 5, 2023. [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/introducing-apple-vision-pro/ Link]</ref>
<ref name="VisionProAnnounce">Apple Newsroom. "Introducing Apple Vision Pro: Apple’s first spatial computer." June 5, 2023. [https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/introducing-apple-vision-pro/ Link]</ref>
<ref name="9to5MacCookMemo">Filipe Espósito (Feb 2, 2024). "Tim Cook compares Vision Pro launch to iPhone launch in memo to employees." 9to5Mac.</ref>
<ref name="9to5MacCookMemo">Filipe Espósito (Feb 2 2024). “Tim Cook compares Vision Pro launch to iPhone launch in memo to employees.” *9to5Mac*. https://9to5mac.com/2024/02/02/tim-cook-vision-pro-launch-memo/ </ref>
<ref name="CookSpatialWWDC">Cook, Tim. Apple WWDC 2023 Keynote. June 2023. [Link to relevant section/transcript needed]</ref>
<ref name="CookSpatialWWDC">Apple Newsroom (Jun 5 2023). “Introducing Apple Vision Pro: Apple’s first spatial computer.” https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/06/introducing-apple-vision-pro/ </ref>
<ref name="DurrantWhyteSLAM">Durrant-Whyte, H., & Bailey, T. (2006). "Simultaneous localization and mapping: Part I." *IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine*, 13(2), 99-110. doi:10.1145/1476589.1476683</ref>
<ref name="DurrantWhyteSLAM">Durrant‑Whyte, H. & Bailey, T. (2006). “Simultaneous localization and mapping: Part I.” *IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine*, 13(2), 99‑110. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2006.1638022 </ref>
<ref name="CogentSLAM">Cogent Infotech (Jan 1, 2025). "Spatial Computing: The Next Frontier in Digital Transformation." Cogent Blog.</ref>
<ref name="CogentSLAM">Cogent Infotech (Jan 1 2025). “Spatial Computing: The Next Frontier in Digital Transformation.” https://www.cogentinfo.com/resources/spatial-computing-driving-the-next-wave-of-digital-transformation </ref>
<ref name="UnityRef">Unity Technologies. (2023). "Unity Engine." Retrieved from https://unity.com/</ref>
<ref name="UnityRef">Unity Technologies. (2023). "Unity Engine." Retrieved from https://unity.com/</ref>
<ref name="NvidiaSpatialCloud">NVIDIA Glossary. "What Is Spatial Computing?" (accessed 2025).</ref>
<ref name="NvidiaSpatialCloud">NVIDIA Glossary (2025). “What Is Spatial Computing?” https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/glossary/spatial-computing/ </ref>
<ref name="ArgoDesign Medium">ArgoDesign Medium (Example ref for Ambient). "Ambient Computing, Explained." [URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="ArgoDesign Medium">Jon Kolko (Sept 1 2022). “Spatial Computing: A Primer.” *Medium (argo‑design)*. https://argodesign.medium.com/spatial-computing-a-primer-b7df9da6f663 </ref>
<ref name="SpatialDesign">Example: "How Spatial Computing is Transforming Design", Forbes, [Date and URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="SpatialDesign">Forbes Technology Council (Jun 8 2021). “How Spatial Computing Can Change Life and Work.” *Forbes*. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/06/08/how-spatial-computing-can-change-life-and-work/ </ref>
<ref name="SpatialHealthcare">Example: "Spatial computing in healthcare: The future of medicine?", Medical Futurist, [Date and URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="SpatialHealthcare">Adam Stone (Apr 12 2024). “Spatial Computing: What Healthcare IT Leaders Need to Know.” *HealthTech Magazine*. https://healthtechmagazine.net/article/2024/04/spatial-computing-healthcare-perfcon </ref>
<ref name="ChenAR Surgery">Chen, L., et al. (2020). "Augmented reality in surgical navigation: A review." *International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery*, 15(8), 1357-1367. doi:10.1007/s11548-020-02192-5</ref>
<ref name="ChenAR Surgery">Chen, L., et al. (2020). "Augmented reality in surgical navigation: A review." *International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery*, 15(8), 1357-1367. doi:10.1007/s11548-020-02192-5</ref>
<ref name="BaccaAR Education">Bacca, J., et al. (2014). "Augmented reality trends in education: A systematic review." *Educational Technology & Society*, 17(4), 133-149.</ref>
<ref name="BaccaAR Education">Bacca, J., et al. (2014). "Augmented reality trends in education: A systematic review." *Educational Technology & Society*, 17(4), 133-149.</ref>
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<ref name="LaValleVRBook">LaValle, S. M. (2020). *Virtual Reality*. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
<ref name="LaValleVRBook">LaValle, S. M. (2020). *Virtual Reality*. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
<ref name="VisionProPrice">Apple. (2023). "Apple Vision Pro Pricing." Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/shop/buy-vision/apple-vision-pro</ref>
<ref name="VisionProPrice">Apple. (2023). "Apple Vision Pro Pricing." Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/shop/buy-vision/apple-vision-pro</ref>
<ref name="SpatialPrivacy">Example: "The Privacy Implications of Spatial Computing", Electronic Frontier Foundation, [Date and URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="SpatialPrivacy">Electronic Frontier Foundation (Dec 29 2022). “A Pivotal Year for the Metaverse and Extended Reality: 2022 in Review.” https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/12/pivotal-year-metaverse-and-extended-reality </ref>
<ref name="WaPoAmbiguity">Shira Ovide (Feb 2, 2024). "Apple’s Vision Pro is ‘spatial computing.’ Nobody knows what it means." The Washington Post.</ref>
<ref name="WaPoAmbiguity">Shira Ovide (Feb 2 2024). “Apple’s Vision Pro is ‘spatial computing.’ Nobody knows what it means.” *The Washington Post*. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/02/02/apple-vision-pro-spatial-computing/ </ref>
<ref name="BuzzwordCritique">Example: Stratechery by Ben Thompson discussing Vision Pro terminology, [Date and URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="BuzzwordCritique">Example: Stratechery by Ben Thompson discussing Vision Pro terminology, [Date and URL needed]</ref>
<ref name="HacklNotSynonym">Cathy Hackl (April 15, 2024). "What Is Spatial Computing and What Is the Role of AI in this New Computing Paradigm." ShortTake by Shorty Awards.</ref>
<ref name="HacklNotSynonym">Cathy Hackl (April 15, 2024). "What Is Spatial Computing and What Is the Role of AI in this New Computing Paradigm." ShortTake by Shorty Awards.</ref>
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