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'''Augmented Reality''' or '''AR''' is | ==General Information== | ||
'''Augmented Reality''' or '''AR''' is a technology that enhances perception, allowing environments to be enriched in new ways. A basic characteristic of AR is that it merges the real and the virtual worlds. The technology aims to enhance our perception of reality through the incorporation of computer generated data and simulations into our senses, creating a reality-based interface <ref name=”6”></ref>. | |||
The goal of AR devices is to supplement the real world with virtual objects by overlaying digital imageries and information on top of physical objects and enabling the users of the devices to seamlessly interact with the digital content. Through the use of [[computer vision]] and [[object recognition]], digital information about the real world around us can not only be viewed but also manipulated in real-time <ref name=”6”></ref>. | |||
In general, the technology combines real and virtual objects, aligns real and virtual objects with each other, and runs interactively in real-time. Furthermore, it is not restricted to a specific type of display technology, like an HMD, and can potentially be applied to other senses beside sight <ref name=”6”></ref>. | |||
In the [[mixed reality]] spectrum, AR is closer to a real environment. Therefore, unlike Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality does not replace the real world with a virtual one. AR simply enhances and modifies the real world <ref name=”6”></ref>. | |||
In 2007, MIT recognized AR as one of ten emerging technologies, reporting that this type of human-computer interaction is on the verge of major adoption <ref name=”6”></ref>. | |||
==Technologies== | ==Technologies== | ||
===Optical head-mounted display=== | ===Optical head-mounted display=== | ||
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==Platforms== | ==Platforms== | ||
'''[[visionOS]]''' | |||
'''[[Windows Mixed Reality]]''' | '''[[Windows Mixed Reality]]''' | ||
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'''[[Magic Leap]]''' | '''[[Magic Leap]]''' | ||
== | '''[[Snap]]''' | ||
==AR Glasses== | |||
{{see also|AR Glasses}} | |||
'''[[Xreal Air 2 Pro]]''' | |||
'''[[Magic Leap One]]''' | |||
'''[[Magic Leap 2]]''' | |||
'''[[Microsoft HoloLens]]''' | '''[[Microsoft HoloLens]]''' | ||
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'''[[R-7 Smartglasses]]''' | '''[[R-7 Smartglasses]]''' | ||
'''[[Atheer One]]''' | |||
'''[[Atheer AiR]]''' | '''[[Atheer AiR]]''' | ||
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'''[[R-9 Smartglasses]]''' | '''[[R-9 Smartglasses]]''' | ||
'''[[Snap Spectacles 3]]''' | |||
'''[[Vuzix M100]]''' | |||
'''[[Vuzix M300]]''' | |||
'''[[ORA-1]]''' | |||
'''[[ORA-X]]''' | |||
'''[[Recon Jet]]''' | |||
==Apps== | ==Apps== | ||
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[[Pokemon Go]] - first smash hit AR app. | [[Pokemon Go]] - first smash hit AR app. | ||
Ikea Places - placing furniture into your own living room | |||
Our SolAR - exploring our solar system under the ceiling of your bedroom | |||
The Machines - AR tower defense | |||
Playground AR - virtual blocks and simple animations. Good physics! | |||
Air Measure / Measure Kit - replaces your folding rule | |||
Tunnel AR - an AR-enriched Video(game) of famous a German Rap/HipHop group "Die Fantastischen Vier" | |||
Dumb Ways to Die 3: World Tour - a 2017 app game that also allows AR on many Apple devices! | |||
==Developer Resources== | |||
===Developer APIs=== | |||
[[ARKit]] - [[Apple]]'s AR API that allows developers to create AR apps for [[iOS]] devices. | |||
[[ARCore]] - [[Google]]'s AR API that allows developers to create AR apps for [[Android]] devices. | |||
==Use Cases== | ==Use Cases== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:57, 2 May 2025
General Information
Augmented Reality or AR is a technology that enhances perception, allowing environments to be enriched in new ways. A basic characteristic of AR is that it merges the real and the virtual worlds. The technology aims to enhance our perception of reality through the incorporation of computer generated data and simulations into our senses, creating a reality-based interface [1].
The goal of AR devices is to supplement the real world with virtual objects by overlaying digital imageries and information on top of physical objects and enabling the users of the devices to seamlessly interact with the digital content. Through the use of computer vision and object recognition, digital information about the real world around us can not only be viewed but also manipulated in real-time [1].
In general, the technology combines real and virtual objects, aligns real and virtual objects with each other, and runs interactively in real-time. Furthermore, it is not restricted to a specific type of display technology, like an HMD, and can potentially be applied to other senses beside sight [1].
In the mixed reality spectrum, AR is closer to a real environment. Therefore, unlike Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality does not replace the real world with a virtual one. AR simply enhances and modifies the real world [1].
In 2007, MIT recognized AR as one of ten emerging technologies, reporting that this type of human-computer interaction is on the verge of major adoption [1].
Technologies
Optical head-mounted display
Augmented Reality devices are transparent glasses-like wearables called optical head-mounted displays (OHMDs). These devices have displays with small projectors that create digital information and rendered images on top of objects in the physical world. These devices have built-in cameras that uses computer vision and object recognition to identify objects and decipher the physical environment around the devices. Information and data about the surroundings can be streamed into the display in real time. Users can interact and manipulate the information through various input methods such as voice commands, hand and body gestures, touchpads and more.
Platforms
AR Glasses
- See also: AR Glasses
SmartEyeglass Developer Edition
Apps
Pokemon Go - first smash hit AR app.
Ikea Places - placing furniture into your own living room
Our SolAR - exploring our solar system under the ceiling of your bedroom
The Machines - AR tower defense
Playground AR - virtual blocks and simple animations. Good physics!
Air Measure / Measure Kit - replaces your folding rule
Tunnel AR - an AR-enriched Video(game) of famous a German Rap/HipHop group "Die Fantastischen Vier"
Dumb Ways to Die 3: World Tour - a 2017 app game that also allows AR on many Apple devices!
Developer Resources
Developer APIs
ARKit - Apple's AR API that allows developers to create AR apps for iOS devices.
ARCore - Google's AR API that allows developers to create AR apps for Android devices.
Use Cases
- See also: Augmented Reality Use Cases
Augmented Reality history timeline
The historical development of AR technologies intersects with that of virtual reality. During the initial stages of its evolution, the terms augmented reality and virtual reality had not been coined and, consequently, there wasn’t a clear distinction between the two [2].
1901- A Concept of AR
Frank L Baum writes a novel in which there is a concept that can be equated to AR: a set of electronic glasses called “character marker” that were used to map data onto people [2].
1957 - The Sensorama
The cinematographer Morton Heilig invented the Sensorama. This machine delivered visuals, sound, vibration, and smell to the viewer. It was not controlled by a computer but, nevertheless, it was an attempt at adding additional data to an experience. The machine was patented in 1961, and it looked like an arcade machine [2] [3].
1968 - The Sword of Damocles HMD
Ivan Sutherland and Bob Sproull created a head-mounted display system at Harvard University and the University of Utah. The device presented simple wireframe graphics, used see-through optics, and was held to the ceiling by a mechanical arm which tracked the head movements of the user. This iteration of the technology would prove to be impractical for mass use. Sutherland also postulated the concept of the “Ultimate Display” in 1965 and would have a great impact in the VR and AR fields of study [2] [4] [5] [6] [1].
1975 - Videoplace
The videoplace was developed by the American computer artist Myron Krueger. It was an interface that allowed users to manipulate and interact with virtual objects in real-time. It combined projectors, video-cameras and special purpose hardware, as well as onscreen silhouettes of the users [2] [3] [4].
1980 - Wearable computing
The computational photography researcher Steve Mann creates the first example of wearable computing [2].
1990 - Augmented Reality
Professor Thomas P. Caudell, a researcher at Boeing, coined the term augmented reality. The term was in reference to a HMD that guided workers through assembling electrical wires in aircrafts [2] [3] [1].
1992 - Virtual Fixtures
Virtual Fixtures is developed at USAF Armstrong’s Research Lab by Louis Rosenberg. According to some sources, it can be considered the first properly functioning AR system. It was a system that overlaid sensory information on a workspace to improve human productivity [2].
1993 - KARMA
Feiner and colleagues introduced KARMA - Knowledge-based augmented reality for maintenance assistance. KARMA was capable of inferring instructions sequences for repair and maintenance procedures [4]. During the same year, Fitzmaurice created the first handheld spatially aware display called Chameleon - a precursor to handheld AR. It consisted of a tethered handheld LCD screen that showed the video output of an SGI graphics workstation and was spatially tracked using a magnetic tracking device. The system was capable of providing information to the user such as providing information about a location on a wall-mounted map [4].
1994 - Medical AR
At the University of North Carolina, State and colleagues presented a medical AR application. It was capable of allowing a physician to observe a fetus directly within a pregnant woman (Figure 1) [4].
Rekimoto and Nagao developed a true handheld AR display, although it was still tethered to a workstation. The NaviCam had a forward-facing camera, and from its video feed it could detect color-coded markers, displaying information on a video see-through view [4].
1996 - Studierstube
The first collaborative AR system is developed by Schmalstieg and colleagues. The Studierstube allowed for multiple users to experience virtual objects in the same shared space through the use of HMDs. Each user from their individual viewpoint could see an image in correct perspective [4].
1997 - The Touring Machine
Feiner and colleagues create the first outdoor AR system, at Columbia University. The Touring Machine (Figure 3) had a see-through HMD, GPS, and orientation tracking. The system needed a backpack with a computer to deliver mobile 3D graphics, various sensors, and an earlier version of a tablet computer for input [4].
2000 - ARQuake
The AR version of the Quake game is developed by Bruce Thomas, at the University of South Australia (Figure 4). It was an outdoor mobile version of the game developed by Id Software [3].
2003 - First autonomous handheld AR system
Wagner and Schmalstieg presented a precursor to the current smartphones - a handheld AR system that ran autonomously on a “personal digital assistant.” In 2004, a multiplayer handheld AR game called Invisible Train (Figure 5) was shown at the SIGGRAPH Emerging Technologies show floor [4].
2008 - A commercial AR application
The first commercial AR application is developed by German agencies in Munich for advertising. It consisted of a printed magazine ad of a model BMW mini. When held in front of a computer’s camera, a user could manipulate the virtual car on the screen and move it around to view different angles [5] [7]. During the same year, the Wikitude AR Travel Guide was released for the G1 Android phone [3].
2009 - ARToolkit
A design tool, ARToolkit, is made available in Adobe Flash [2].
2013 - Google Glass
The open beta of Google Glass is announced [2].
2015 - HoloLens
Microsoft announced AR support for the company’s AR headset HoloLens [2].
2016 - Pokémon Go
Pokémon Go is released and becomes a major success. It is considered an achievement for the AR industry. The game hit its peak in August 2016 with almost 46 million users. While the game has failed to maintain high levels of engagement, it showed the potential of AR [5] [7].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 van Krevelen, D. W. F. (2007). Augmented Reality: Technologies, applications, and limitations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rick_Van_Krevelen2/publication/292150312_Augmented_Reality_Technologies_Applications_and_Limitations/links/56ab2b4108aed5a01359c113.pdf
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 The Interaction Design Foundation. Augmented Reality - The past, the present and the Future. Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/augmented-reality-the-past-the-present-and-the-future
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Sawers, P. (2011). Augmented reality: The past, present and future. Retrieved from https://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/07/03/augmented-reality-the-past-present-and-future/#.tnw_tfKQ6SY7
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Hollerer, T. and Schmalstieg, D. (2016). Introduction to Augmented Reality. Retrieved from http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2516729
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Javornik, A. (2016). The mainstreaming of augmented reality: A brief history. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-mainstreaming-of-augmented-reality-a-brief-history
- ↑ Virtual Reality Society. History of Virtual Reality. Retrieved from https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 History Hole (2016). The history of augmented reality. Retrieved from http://historyhole.com/history-augmented-reality