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{{see also|Terms|Technical Terms}}
{{see also|Terms|Technical Terms}}
'''Light Field Display''' ('''LFD''') is an advanced visualization technology designed to reproduce a [[light field]], the distribution of light rays in [[3D space]], including their intensity and direction.<ref name="WetzsteinPlenoptic">
'''Light Field Display''' ('''LFD''') is an advanced display technology designed to reproduce a [[light field]], the distribution of light rays in [[3D space]], including their intensity and direction.<ref name="WetzsteinPlenoptic">
Wetzstein G. (2020). “Computational Displays: Achieving the Full Plenoptic Function.”   
Wetzstein G. (2020). “Computational Displays: Achieving the Full Plenoptic Function.”   
ACM SIGGRAPH 2020 Courses. ACM Digital Library. doi:10.1145/3386569.3409414.   
ACM SIGGRAPH 2020 Courses. ACM Digital Library. doi:10.1145/3386569.3409414.   
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* '''2010-2013:''' Introduction of multilayer, compressive, and tensor light field display concepts.<ref name="Lanman2010ContentAdaptive">Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Kim, Y., & Raskar, R. (2010). Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization. ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers (SIGGRAPH ASIA '10), Article 163. doi:10.1145/1882261.1866191</ref><ref name="WetzsteinTensor"/>
* '''2010-2013:''' Introduction of multilayer, compressive, and tensor light field display concepts.<ref name="Lanman2010ContentAdaptive">Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Kim, Y., & Raskar, R. (2010). Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization. ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers (SIGGRAPH ASIA '10), Article 163. doi:10.1145/1882261.1866191</ref><ref name="WetzsteinTensor"/>
* '''2013:''' NVIDIA demonstrates near-eye light field display prototype for VR.<ref name="NvidiaNELD">Lanman, D., & Luebke, D. (2013). Near-Eye Light Field Displays (Technical Report NVR-2013-004). NVIDIA Research. Retrieved from https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/pubs/2013-11_Near-Eye-Light-Field/NVIDIA-NELD.pdf</ref>
* '''2013:''' NVIDIA demonstrates near-eye light field display prototype for VR.<ref name="NvidiaNELD">Lanman, D., & Luebke, D. (2013). Near-Eye Light Field Displays (Technical Report NVR-2013-004). NVIDIA Research. Retrieved from https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/pubs/2013-11_Near-Eye-Light-Field/NVIDIA-NELD.pdf</ref>
* '''2015 onwards:''' Emergence of commercial LFD products (for example Looking Glass Factory, Leia Inc.) and advanced prototypes (for example Sony, CREAL, Light Field Lab).<ref name="LookingGlass27"/><ref name="LeiaVerge"/><ref name="CrealRoadToVR">Lang, B. (2023, January 11). CREAL's Latest Light-field AR Demo Shows Continued Progress Toward Natural Depth & Focus. Road to VR. Retrieved from https://www.roadtovr.com/creal-light-field-ar-vr-headset-prototype/</ref>
* '''2015 onwards:''' Emergence of advanced prototypes (for example Sony, CREAL, Light Field Lab).<ref name="LookingGlass27"/><ref name="LeiaVerge"/><ref name="CrealRoadToVR">Lang, B. (2023, January 11). CREAL's Latest Light-field AR Demo Shows Continued Progress Toward Natural Depth & Focus. Road to VR. Retrieved from https://www.roadtovr.com/creal-light-field-ar-vr-headset-prototype/</ref>


== Technical Implementations (How They Work) ==
== Technical Implementations (How They Work) ==
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== Types of Light Field Displays ==
== Types of Light Field Displays ==
* '''Near-Eye Light Field Displays:''' Integrated into VR/AR [[Head-mounted display|HMDs]]. Primarily focused on solving the VAC for comfortable, realistic close-up interactions.<ref name="CrealWebsite"/><ref name="Lanman2020NearEyeCourse"/> Examples include research prototypes from NVIDIA<ref name="NvidiaNELD"/> and academic groups,<ref name="Huang2015Stereoscope">Huang, F. C., Chen, K., & Wetzstein, G. (2015). The light field stereoscope: immersive computer graphics via factored near-eye light field displays with focus cues. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 34(4), Article 60. doi:10.1145/2766943</ref> and commercial modules from companies like [[CREAL]].<ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/> Often utilize MLAs, stacked LCDs, or waveguide/diffractive approaches.<ref name="Lanman2020NearEyeCourse"/><ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/>
* '''Near-Eye Light Field Displays:''' Integrated into VR/AR [[Head-mounted display|HMDs]]. Primarily focused on solving the VAC for comfortable, realistic close-up interactions.<ref name="CrealWebsite"/><ref name="Lanman2020NearEyeCourse"/> Examples include research prototypes from NVIDIA<ref name="NvidiaNELD"/> and academic groups,<ref name="Huang2015Stereoscope">Huang, F. C., Chen, K., & Wetzstein, G. (2015). The light field stereoscope: immersive computer graphics via factored near-eye light field displays with focus cues. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 34(4), Article 60. doi:10.1145/2766943</ref> and commercial modules from companies like [[CREAL]].<ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/> Often utilize MLAs, stacked LCDs, or waveguide/diffractive approaches.<ref name="Lanman2020NearEyeCourse"/><ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/>
* '''Tabletop/Desktop Displays:''' Provide glasses-free 3D for individual or small group viewing. Used for professional visualization, gaming, communication, and content creation.<ref name="LookingGlass27"/><ref name="LeiaVerge"/> [[Looking Glass Factory]] is a key player here, offering various sizes like the Looking Glass Portrait and the larger Looking Glass 27".<ref name="LookingGlass27"/><ref name="LookingGlassSoftware">Looking Glass Factory. Software Overview. Retrieved from https://lookingglassfactory.com/software</ref> [[Leia Inc.]] also targets this market with monitor and mobile displays.<ref name="LeiaVerge"/> Typically use MLA or barrier technology.
* '''Large Format / Tiled Displays:''' Aimed at creating large-scale, immersive "holographic" experiences without glasses for public venues, command centers, or collaborative environments.<ref name="ForbesLightField"/><ref name="LightFieldLabSolidLightPR">
* '''Large Format / Tiled Displays:''' Aimed at creating large-scale, immersive "holographic" experiences without glasses for public venues, command centers, or collaborative environments.<ref name="ForbesLightField"/><ref name="LightFieldLabSolidLightPR">
Light Field Lab Press Release (2021, Oct 7). *Light Field Lab Unveils SolidLight™ – The Highest Resolution Holographic Display Platform Ever Designed.*   
Light Field Lab Press Release (2021, Oct 7). *Light Field Lab Unveils SolidLight™ – The Highest Resolution Holographic Display Platform Ever Designed.*   
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https://pro.sony/ue_US/products/spatial-reality-displays/elf-sr2 (accessed 3 May 2025).
https://pro.sony/ue_US/products/spatial-reality-displays/elf-sr2 (accessed 3 May 2025).
</ref>
</ref>
== Comparison with Other 3D Display Technologies ==
== Comparison with Other 3D Display Technologies ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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== Key Players and Commercial Landscape ==
== Key Players and Commercial Landscape ==
Several companies and research groups are active in LFD development:
Several companies and research groups are active in LFD development:
* '''[[Looking Glass Factory]]:''' Leader in desktop/tabletop glasses-free LFDs (Looking Glass Portrait, 27", 65") for creators and enterprises.<ref name="LookingGlass27"/><ref name="LookingGlassSoftware"/>
* '''[[Leia Inc.]]:''' Develops LFD technology for mobile devices (for example Lume Pad), monitors, and automotive, often switchable between 2D and 3D LFD modes.<ref name="LeiaVerge"/> Acquired competitor Dimenco.
* '''[[CREAL]]:''' Swiss startup focused on compact near-eye LFD modules for AR/VR glasses aiming to solve VAC.<ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/>
* '''[[CREAL]]:''' Swiss startup focused on compact near-eye LFD modules for AR/VR glasses aiming to solve VAC.<ref name="CrealRoadToVR"/>
* '''[[Light Field Lab]]:''' Developing large-scale, modular "holographic" LFD panels (SolidLight™) based on proprietary [[Waveguide (optics)|waveguide]] technology.<ref name="LightFieldLabTech"/><ref name="LightFieldLabSolidLightPR"/>
* '''[[Light Field Lab]]:''' Developing large-scale, modular "holographic" LFD panels (SolidLight™) based on proprietary [[Waveguide (optics)|waveguide]] technology.<ref name="LightFieldLabTech"/><ref name="LightFieldLabSolidLightPR"/>
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