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Created page with "{{Company Infobox |image= |Type=Private |Industry=Virtual Reality, Head-mounted Displays |Founded=1997, United States |Founder=Joint venture between Ilixco, Inc. and Liberty Media Group |Headquarters=United States |Notable Personnel= |Products=i-glasses series (i-glasses PC, i-glasses SVGA, i-glasses HRV) |Parent= |Website= }} '''I-O Display Systems''' (also known as IOD) was an American technology company that specialized in the development and manufacture of head-mo..."
 
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{{Company Infobox
{{Company Infobox
|image=
|image=[[File:i-glasses2.jpg|350px]]
|Type=Private
|Type= Private
|Industry=Virtual Reality, Head-mounted Displays
|Industry= [[Virtual Reality]], [[Personal Display Systems]], [[Stereoscopic 3D]] products
|Founded=1997, United States
|Founded= 1993 in Seattle, Washington, United States
|Founder=Joint venture between Ilixco, Inc. and Liberty Media Group
|Founder= [[Greg Amadon]], [[Linden Rhoads]]
|Headquarters=United States
|Headquarters= Seattle, Washington, United States (originally); later Menlo Park, California (as division of Ilixco, Inc.)
|Notable Personnel=
|Notable Personnel= Greg Amadon (CEO, 1993–1997); Linden Rhoads (President, 1993–1996)
|Products=i-glasses series (i-glasses PC, i-glasses SVGA, i-glasses HRV)
|Products= i-glasses series (i-glasses PC, i-glasses SVGA, i-glasses HRV), i-Theater
|Parent=
|Parent= Initially independent; later Ilixco (controlling interest); previously a venture with Liberty Media Group
|Website=
|Website= (Defunct)
}}
}}
{{see also|Companies}}
'''I-O Display Systems, LLC''' (originally styled '''Virtual i·O''') was an American technology [[company]] that specialized in the development and manufacturing of [[head-mounted display]]s (HMDs). Founded in 1993 in Seattle, Washington by entrepreneurs [[Greg Amadon]] and [[Linden Rhoads]], the company is best known for its ''i-glasses'' product line, which provided personal display systems for [[virtual reality]] (VR) and video applications.<ref name="PSBJMar97">"Financial reality pressures Virtual i‑O into Chapter 11", Puget Sound Business Journal, March 16, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/03/17/story6.html</ref> The company was a significant pioneer in the early consumer VR market of the 1990s, attracting almost US$20 million in venture funding before filing for bankruptcy in 1997.<ref name="PSBJMay97">"Effort to salvage Virtual i‑O fails", Puget Sound Business Journal, May 25, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/05/26/story4.html</ref>


'''I-O Display Systems''' (also known as IOD) was an American technology company that specialized in the development and manufacture of [[head-mounted display|head-mounted displays]] (HMDs) for [[virtual reality]] and personal viewing applications. The company was known for its flagship product line, the i-glasses brand, which became one of the pioneering consumer-level HMDs during the early development of the [[virtual reality]] industry in the 1990s and early 2000s.
==History==


== History ==
===Origins and Formation (1993-1997)===
I-O Display Systems began as Virtual i·O, founded in 1993 by Greg Amadon, a former Microsoft engineer, and attorney Linden Rhoads. The company attracted early investment after demonstrating a stereoscopic viewer prototype to cable-TV magnate John Malone, whose Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI) became the company's lead investor.<ref name="3DOWorld">"IGlasses", 3DO World, https://3do.world/index.php?title=IGlasses, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>


I-O Display Systems was formed in 1997 as a joint venture between Ilixco, Inc. and Liberty Media Group.<ref name="jpdformation">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref> The company positioned itself as a manufacturer of personal display devices, focusing on head-mounted displays for both video and computer applications.
By late 1994, the firm had developed prototypes using dual 0.7-inch LCDs and an in-house "sourceless orientation sensor," which was later patented in the United States.<ref name="JustiaSensor">"Sourceless orientation sensor", US Patent 5526022, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., June 11, 1996</ref> The first retail models reached North American shelves in May 1995.


I-O Display Systems emerged during an important transitional period in the history of virtual reality technology. The 1990s saw the first commercial attempts to bring VR technology to consumers, and I-O Display Systems was among the pioneering companies to enter this market with relatively affordable HMD products.
In 1997, the original Virtual i·O was restructured as I-O Display Systems, LLC ("IOD"), formed as a new venture between Ilixco, a privately held display technology company, and Liberty Media Group, an AT&T company with interests in video programming, communications technology, and Internet businesses.<ref name="SistematicsFormed">"Listado de productos por marca I-O Display Systems", Sistematics.com, https://www.sistematics.com/en/i-o-display-systems-m-353.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> Ilixco itself was a holding company formed in 1996 by Jeffrey Fergason, son of James Fergason (founder of the first [[Liquid Crystal Display|LCD]] manufacturer, ILIXCO, in 1968). The new Ilixco held controlling interests in I-O Display Systems and Razor Digital Entertainment.<ref name="LXDCorp">"LXD Incorporated - Wikipedia", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXD_Incorporated, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>


The company became known for its i-glasses brand, which offered consumers an accessible entry point into virtual display technology compared to more expensive professional VR systems of the era. Throughout its existence, I-O Display Systems continued to develop and refine its product line to keep pace with advancements in display technology and changing consumer demands.
===Bankruptcy and Closure (1997)===
Despite gaining market share in the emerging VR headset market, the company faced financial difficulties as consumer VR adoption grew slower than anticipated. Co-founders Amadon and Rhoads resigned in January 1997, and Virtual i·O filed for Chapter 11 protection on March 14, reporting US$9.7 million in assets against US$21.6 million in liabilities-most owed to TCI and Thomson SA.<ref name="PSBJMar97"/>


== Products ==
Annual headset returns peaked at 30 percent owing to fragile cables and dust ingress,<ref name="Tampa97">"Reality has not lived up to the promise for virtual‑reality games", Tampa Bay Times, 28 Sep 1997, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1997/09/28/reality-has-not-lived-up-to-the-promise-for-virtual-reality-games/</ref> further complicating the company's financial position. A court-appointed turnaround team failed to secure a buyer, and operations ceased on April 30, 1997; the remaining assets reverted to TCI the following month.<ref name="PSBJMay97"/>


=== i-glasses PC ===
The company's intellectual property and brand would later be utilized in continued development of i-glasses products into the early 2000s.


The original i-glasses personal display system was designed to be compatible with PCs and video devices. These early models featured dual displays that presented color video images with a resolution of 640×480 pixels.<ref name="xvrwiki">XVRWiki. "I-O Display Systems." http://www.xvrwiki.org/wiki/I-O_Display_Systems</ref>
==Products==
I-O Display Systems was best known for its "i-glasses" series of [[HMD]]s and the "i-Theater" personal display. These devices aimed to provide a large-screen viewing experience in a portable, head-worn form factor.


Key features of the i-glasses PC included:
===i-glasses Series===
The [[i-glasses]] line included several models with varying specifications and target markets:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Specification
|+ Selected i-glasses Models and Features
! Model Name !! Key Features !! Resolution (per eye where applicable) !! Virtual Screen Size !! Weight !! Connectivity !! Notes
|-
|-
| Display Type || Color LCD
| '''[[i-glasses]] (Original/PC Version)''' || Full color video, [[stereoscopic 3D]] capable, optional head tracking, see-through capability ("VideoMute"), could be worn with eyeglasses.<ref name="MindfluxPC">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassespcd.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 640x480 || Claimed equivalent to an 80-inch screen from 13 feet.<ref name="MindfluxPC"/> || Approximately 8 ounces (227g) || PC (VGA), Video (Sega, Nintendo, Atari, 3DO) || Released May 1995 at US$549.<ref name="VRShop">"Virtual IO I‑Glasses – Specs and Info", The VR Shop, 14 Feb 2022, https://www.virtual-reality-shop.co.uk/virtual-io-i-glasses/</ref>
|-
|-
| Resolution || 640×480 pixels
| '''[[i-glasses SVGA]]''' || Portable monitor, flicker-free (120Hz refresh), built-in stereo headphones, adjustable color/brightness/contrast.<ref name="MindfluxSVGA">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses SVGA - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassessvga.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> Supported frame sequential stereo with nVidia game drivers or other applications (optional stereo version).<ref name="ManualsLibSVGA">"IO Display Systems i-glasses User Manual - ManualsLib", ManualsLib, https://www.manualslib.com/manual/110089/Io-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html?page=1#manual, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 800x600 (scaled from VGA/SVGA/XGA) || Virtual image of a 90cm screen from 2m (approximately 35 inches from 6.5 feet) || 7 ounces (198g) || VGA || Released 1998 at US$699 for 3D version.<ref>"i‑glasses SVGA product sheet", Mindflux Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20000818064717/http://www.mindflux.com.au/products/io-display/iglassesSVGA.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
|-
|-
| Field of View || Approximately equivalent to viewing an 80-inch screen from 13 feet
| '''[[i-glasses HRV]]''' || High-resolution video monitor for camcorders, VCRs, DVDs. Intended for patient comfort in dental/medical settings.<ref name="PearsonDentalHRV">"I-Glasses HRV (iO Display Systems) | Dental Product", Pearson Dental Supply, https://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=6655&catid=4529&subcatid=7091&pid=35311, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 640x480 (each eye) || Equivalent to viewing a 70-inch monitor from 13 feet<ref name="jpdhrv">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || Not specified || S-Video, RCA stereo-audio, composite video (Incompatible with computer signals for the Pro version) || A "Pro" version offered better video quality and contrast. Released 1999 at US$499.<ref name="VRShop"/>
|-
|-
| Audio || Built-in stereo sound
| '''[[i-glasses HRV Pro]]''' || Introduced in April 2003, used Three Five Systems Z86D-3 microdisplays<ref name="jpdhrv"/> || 800x600 (1.44 million pixels per display) || Equivalent to viewing a 70-inch monitor from 13 feet || Not specified || S-Video, composite video || Priced at $1,199 for 2D version and $1,499 for 3D-capable version in 2003.<ref name="jpdhrv"/>
|-
|-
| Special Features || VideoMute feature (see-through capability)
| '''[[Personal I-O Eye-Glasses]]/[[I-Glasses (GVD310)]]''' || Marketed for private entertainment in vehicles, public transport, and for hospital patients.<ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310">"Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses Virtual Reality Head-Mount Display (HMD) LCD - Rocky Americas", Rocky Americas, http://www.rockyamericas.com/gvd310.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref> || 180,000 pixels (800 x 225) || Virtual 36-inch screen from 6 feet || 7 ounces (198g) for head-wear part || RCA type AV source with 2-channel stereo audio (DVD, VCD, VCR, MP4, Game Console, PC, Digital Camera, Video Camera) || Featured detachable Dolby surrounding stereo earphones and on-unit controls for volume, brightness, and contrast.
|}
|}


The i-glasses PC models were promoted as providing a large-screen viewing experience in a portable format. Marketing materials often compared the experience to viewing an 80-inch screen. A distinctive feature was the "VideoMute" capability, which allowed users to see through the display when desired, making it an early implementation of what would later evolve into [[augmented reality]].<ref name="mindflux">MINDFLUX. "i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC." http://www.mindflux.com.au/products/io-display/iglass_pc.html</ref>
Common features across many i-glasses models included:
*  Built-in or detachable stereo headphones
*  Lightweight design for comfort during extended use
*  Adjustable head straps
*  Compatibility with eyeglasses for many users
*  Controls for display adjustments like brightness, contrast, and color


=== i-glasses SVGA ===
===i-Theater===
The i-Theater was marketed as a lightweight mobile video eyewear.<ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven">"iTheater by iGlasses IO Display - Ultimate3DHeaven", Ultimate3DHeaven, https://www.ultimate3dheaven.com/itbyigiodi.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
*  '''Resolution:''' QVGA (320x240), 230,000 pixels per [[LCD]]
*  '''[[Field of View|Field of View (FoV)]]:''' 25 Degrees Diagonal
*  '''Weight:''' 3.5 ounces (99g) without cable
*  '''Video Signal:''' NTSC / PAL / SECAM
*  '''Virtual Image Size:''' Equivalent to a 50-inch screen viewed from 8.5 feet
*  '''Power Consumption:''' Less than 450mW
*  '''Battery Life:''' 6-8 hours
*  '''Connectivity:''' Gaming Systems, VCRs, DVD players, Video iPods, Cell Phones
*  '''Patents:''' Technology protected by over 200 global patents


The i-glasses SVGA represented an advancement in the company's product line, offering higher resolution displays to meet increasing demands for better visual quality. These models were designed to accept [[Super VGA|SVGA]] (800×600) input from computer sources.
==Technology==
I-O Display Systems developed several patented optical and tracking subsystems:


{| class="wikitable"
=== Display Technology ===
! Feature !! Specification
The company's products utilized [[LCD]] technology to create [[virtual image]]s.<ref name="MindfluxSVGA"/> The i-glasses SVGA, for example, displayed a virtual image by scaling input from VGA, SVGA, or XGA sources down to an 800x600 resolution. It featured a fixed focus set at 3.9m and did not require inter-pupillary distance (IPD) adjustment. A 120Hz refresh rate was advertised to ensure a flicker-free display.
|-
| Display Type || High-resolution color LCD
|-
| Resolution || Support for up to 800×600 pixels
|-
| Compatibility || Plug and Play portable monitor
|-
| 3D Support || Optional stereoscopic 3D version available
|-
| Refresh Rate || Double the input refresh rate up to 60Hz; above 60Hz equals input refresh rate
|}
 
The SVGA models were available in both 2D and 3D-capable versions, with the stereoscopic 3D models supporting frame sequential stereo supplied by nVidia graphics card drivers or compatible applications. The i-glasses SVGA also featured an On-Screen-Display (OSD) system that allowed users to adjust settings such as brightness, contrast, audio balance, and color settings.<ref name="manual">I-O Display Systems. "I-glasses SVGA User Manual." https://www.manualslib.com/manual/631835/I-O-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html</ref>
 
=== i-glasses HRV Pro ===
 
Introduced in April 2003, the i-glasses HRV Pro represented the company's more advanced offering. According to product information, the i-glasses SVGA Pro (part of this line) accepted VGA or higher input from computer sources and featured displays with 800×600 resolution, providing 1.44 million pixels per display. The viewing experience was described as similar to watching a 70-inch monitor from a distance of 13 feet.<ref name="jpdhrv">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref>


The SVGA Pro models were available in both 2D and 3D-capable versions, with prices starting at $1,199 for the 2D version and $1,499 for the 3D-capable version in 2003. The displays utilized Three Five Systems Z86D-3 microdisplays and were compatible with Nvidia-based graphics cards with stereo drivers.
Key technological innovations included:
 
== Technology ==
 
I-O Display Systems implemented various technologies in their HMD products that were innovative for consumer-level devices at the time:


* '''Catadioptric fiber‑optic faceplate optics''' – eliminated bulky relay lenses for a lighter visor.<ref name="Patent5642227">"Optical correction for virtual‑reality and heads‑up displays", US Patent 5642227, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., 24 Jun 1997</ref>
* '''Optical Design''': The i-glasses utilized an optical system that allowed for both immersive viewing and see-through capability (via the VideoMute feature).
* '''Optical Design''': The i-glasses utilized an optical system that allowed for both immersive viewing and see-through capability (via the VideoMute feature).
* '''Display Technology''': Over the years, the company transitioned from lower-resolution displays to SVGA-compatible microdisplays.
* '''Display Technology''': Over the years, the company transitioned from lower-resolution displays to SVGA-compatible microdisplays.
=== Tracking Systems ===
* '''Magneto‑inertial sourceless tracker''' – combined flux‑gate magnetometers with a sealed fluid‑tilt sensor to output yaw, pitch and roll without external beacons.<ref name="JustiaSensor"/>
* '''Stereoscopic 3D''': Some models supported stereoscopic 3D viewing, which was compatible with specific graphics cards and software.
* '''Stereoscopic 3D''': Some models supported stereoscopic 3D viewing, which was compatible with specific graphics cards and software.
* '''Audio Integration''': Built-in stereo sound was a standard feature across the product line.
* '''Ergonomics''': The designs aimed to provide a comfortable viewing experience despite the technological limitations of the era.


== Market Position and Competition ==
The company also held patents related to personal visual display systems, head-mounted display apparatus, depixelated visual displays, and optically corrected helmet-mounted displays.<ref name="GooglePatents5903395A">"US5903395A - Personal visual display system - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5903395A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref><ref name="GooglePatents5991085A">"US5991085A - Head-mounted personal visual display apparatus with image generator and holder - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5991085A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
 
==Market Position and Competition==


I-O Display Systems positioned itself in the consumer and prosumer segments of the early [[virtual reality]] market. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the company competed with other HMD manufacturers such as:
I-O Display Systems positioned itself in the consumer and prosumer segments of the early [[virtual reality]] market. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the company competed with other HMD manufacturers such as:
Line 92: Line 98:
* '''Canon''' with their HMDs
* '''Canon''' with their HMDs


The i-glasses products were generally positioned as more affordable alternatives to high-end professional VR systems while offering better quality than the most basic HMDs. Contemporary reviews often compared the i-glasses favorably to competitors like the VFX1 in terms of comfort and ease of use, though sometimes noting trade-offs in display quality or immersion.<ref name="vfxtest">VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses. https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm</ref>
The i-glasses products were generally positioned as more affordable alternatives to high-end professional VR systems while offering better quality than the most basic HMDs. Contemporary reviews often compared the i-glasses favorably to competitors like the VFX1 in terms of comfort and ease of use, though sometimes noting trade-offs in display quality or immersion.<ref name="vfxtest">"VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses", https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>


== Legacy ==
=== Market Reception ===
Early press coverage praised the light weight (227g) and competitive price compared with the Sony Glasstron, yet criticized visible pixelation and limited software support.<ref name="Wired99">"Little Big Screen", Wired, 1 Aug 1999, https://www.wired.com/1999/08/little-big-screen</ref> Analysts at TWICE magazine cited insufficient in-store demonstrations and fragile demo units as key barriers to mainstream adoption.<ref name="PSBJMay97"/>


I-O Display Systems was one of the longest-running companies in the early consumer HMD market. The company was described as "one of the longest, most tenacious companies in this business" that "pioneered wearable, semi-comfortable headsets" designed to work with both PCs and video sources.<ref name="jpd">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref>
By late 1996, the company was shipping roughly 300 units per month, with professional and medical buyers representing 25 percent of volume.<ref name="3DOWorld"/> Despite modest early sales-about 30,000 units went to U.S. dentists alone for chair-side "patient distraction" video<ref name="Wired99"/>-revenue fell short of projections, contributing to the company's financial difficulties.
 
==Legacy==
I-O Display Systems was one of the longest-running companies in the early consumer HMD market. The company was described as "one of the longest, most tenacious companies in this business" that "pioneered wearable, semi-comfortable headsets" designed to work with both PCs and video sources.<ref name="jpd">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
 
The company's contributions to VR technology include:
 
#'''Patent Portfolio''': Its patent portfolio covering lightweight catadioptric optics and magneto-inertial tracking was cited by subsequent VR manufacturers throughout the early 2000s.<ref name="Patent5642227"/>
#'''Virtual Cinema Concept''': The company's emphasis on an "80-inch virtual cinema" foreshadowed the media-consumption positioning later used by Sony Glasstron, Myvu, and Meta Quest "theater mode" features.<ref name="Wired99"/>
#'''Technological Advancements''': The challenges and innovations addressed by I-O Display Systems and its contemporaries helped pave the way for the more sophisticated immersive technologies available today.
#'''Historical Significance''': Surviving i-glasses units remain a reference platform for retro-VR enthusiasts and museums such as the Deutsches Museum in Munich.<ref>"Virtual i‑O i‑glasses! Personal 3D Viewer", Google Arts & Culture, https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/virtual-i-o-i-glasses-personal-3d-viewer-head-mounted-display/4wHrXHZrWs9ZBA, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>


While I-O Display Systems is no longer in operation, its products represented an important step in the evolution of consumer [[virtual reality]] technology. The company's efforts to create accessible HMDs helped introduce the concept of personal virtual displays to a broader audience during a period when the technology was still in its early stages of development.
While I-O Display Systems is no longer in operation, its products represented an important step in the evolution of consumer [[virtual reality]] technology. The company's efforts to create accessible HMDs helped introduce the concept of personal virtual displays to a broader audience during a period when the technology was still in its early stages of development.


I-O Display Systems' products can be seen as precursors to the more advanced VR and AR headsets that would emerge in later years, such as the [[Oculus Rift]], [[HTC Vive]], and various [[augmented reality]] glasses. The challenges and innovations addressed by I-O Display Systems and its contemporaries helped pave the way for the more sophisticated immersive technologies available today.
I-O Display Systems' products can be seen as precursors to the more advanced VR and AR headsets that would emerge in later years, such as the [[Oculus Rift]], [[HTC Vive]], and various [[augmented reality]] glasses.
 
==See Also==
*  [[Head-mounted display]]
*  [[Virtual Reality]]
*  [[Augmented Reality]]
*  [[Liquid Crystal Display]]
*  [[Stereoscopy]]
*  [[Forte VFX1]]
*  [[Sony Glasstron]]
*  [[Virtuality (company)]]


== References ==
==References==
<references>
<references>
<ref name="jpdformation">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref>
<ref name="SistematicsFormed">"Listado de productos por marca I-O Display Systems", Sistematics.com, https://www.sistematics.com/en/i-o-display-systems-m-353.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="xvrwiki">XVRWiki. "I-O Display Systems." http://www.xvrwiki.org/wiki/I-O_Display_Systems</ref>
<ref name="MindfluxSVGA">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses SVGA - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassessvga.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="mindflux">MINDFLUX. "i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC." http://www.mindflux.com.au/products/io-display/iglass_pc.html</ref>
<ref name="Ultimate3DHeaven">"iTheater by iGlasses IO Display - Ultimate3DHeaven", Ultimate3DHeaven, https://www.ultimate3dheaven.com/itbyigiodi.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="manual">I-O Display Systems. "I-glasses SVGA User Manual." https://www.manualslib.com/manual/631835/I-O-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html</ref>
<ref name="LXDCorp">"LXD Incorporated - Wikipedia", Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXD_Incorporated, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="jpdhrv">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref>
<ref name="GooglePatents5903395A">"US5903395A - Personal visual display system - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5903395A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="vfxtest">VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses. https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm</ref>
<ref name="GooglePatents5991085A">"US5991085A - Head-mounted personal visual display apparatus with image generator and holder - Google Patents", Google Patents, https://patents.google.com/patent/US5991085A, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="jpd">Jon Peddie Research. "i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003." https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/</ref>
<ref name="MindfluxPC">"i-O Display Systems i-glasses! PC - Mindflux", Mindflux, https://www.mindflux.com.au/products/hardware/iglassespcd.html, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="ManualsLibSVGA">"IO Display Systems i-glasses User Manual - ManualsLib", ManualsLib, https://www.manualslib.com/manual/110089/Io-Display-Systems-I-Glasses.html?page=1#manual, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="PearsonDentalHRV">"I-Glasses HRV (iO Display Systems) | Dental Product", Pearson Dental Supply, https://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=6655&catid=4529&subcatid=7091&pid=35311, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="RockyAmericasGVD310">"Personal I-O Eye-Glasses/I-Glasses Virtual Reality Head-Mount Display (HMD) LCD - Rocky Americas", Rocky Americas, http://www.rockyamericas.com/gvd310.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="jpdhrv">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="vfxtest">"VFX-1 Headgear versus I-Glasses", https://www.csoon.com/issue11/vrtest.htm, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="jpd">"i-O Display shows off PRO SVGA compatible headset at SID 2003", Jon Peddie Research, https://www.jonpeddie.com/news/i-o-display-shows-off-pro-svga-compatible-headset-at-sid-2003/, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="PSBJMar97">"Financial reality pressures Virtual i‑O into Chapter 11", Puget Sound Business Journal, March 16, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/03/17/story6.html</ref>
<ref name="PSBJMay97">"Effort to salvage Virtual i‑O fails", Puget Sound Business Journal, May 25, 1997, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1997/05/26/story4.html</ref>
<ref name="3DOWorld">"IGlasses", 3DO World, https://3do.world/index.php?title=IGlasses, accessed May 7, 2025</ref>
<ref name="JustiaSensor">"Sourceless orientation sensor", US Patent 5526022, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., June 11, 1996</ref>
<ref name="Tampa97">"Reality has not lived up to the promise for virtual‑reality games", Tampa Bay Times, 28 Sep 1997, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1997/09/28/reality-has-not-lived-up-to-the-promise-for-virtual-reality-games/</ref>
<ref name="VRShop">"Virtual IO I‑Glasses – Specs and Info", The VR Shop, 14 Feb 2022, https://www.virtual-reality-shop.co.uk/virtual-io-i-glasses/</ref>
<ref name="Patent5642227">"Optical correction for virtual‑reality and heads‑up displays", US Patent 5642227, assigned to Virtual I/O, Inc., 24 Jun 1997</ref>
<ref name="Wired99">"Little Big Screen", Wired, 1 Aug 1999, https://www.wired.com/1999/08/little-big-screen</ref>
</references>
</references>


[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Virtual Reality]]
[[Category:Virtual Reality Companies]]
[[Category:Head-mounted displays]]
[[Category:Display technology]]
[[Category:1990s technology]]
[[Category:Defunct technology companies of the United States]]
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